abnormal immune response

Question 1

what are the 3 types of abnormal immune responses

Answer 1

• immunodeficiency
• hypersensitivity
• autoimmunity

Question 2

what is an immunodeficiency

Answer 2

a partial or complete loss of immune response

Question 3

what is a primary immunodeficiency

Answer 3

• genetic or congenital

- the immune system fails to develop

Question 4

what is a secondary immunodeficiency

Answer 4

• acquired post natal

- the IR is triggered by something else

Question 5

what are the 5 types of immunodeficiency disorders

Answer 5

• B cell
• T cell
• T & B cell
• complement
• phagocytosis

Question 6

what is a B cell immunodeficiency disorder

Answer 6

impaired antibody production

Question 7

what is a T cell immunodeficiency disorder

Answer 7

impaired T cell function

Question 8

what is someone with a T cell immunodeficiency disorder at risk of

Answer 8

cancer

Question 9

what is a T & B cell immunodeficiency disorder

Answer 9

complete impaired immune response (basically no immune system)

Question 10

what is a complement immunodeficiency disorder

Answer 10

the innate response is inhibited

Question 11

what is a phagocytosis immunodeficiency disorder

Answer 11

disruption of phagocytosis which makes them prone to infection

Question 12

what is the treatment for immunodeficiency disorders

Answer 12

• replacement therapy (Ab’s to supplement the immune system)

- marrow transplant (last resort)

Question 13

what is a hypersensitivity

Answer 13

exaggerated/inappropriate immune response

Question 14

what are the 4 types of hypersensitivity

Answer 14

• allergy (IgE mediated)
• cytotoxic
• immune complex
• delayed (T cell mediated)

Question 15

what type of hypersensitivity is the most common

Answer 15

type I (allergy)

Question 16

what is a type I hypersensitivity triggered by

Answer 16

allergens

Question 17

what is a type I hypersensitivity mediated by

Answer 17

IgE

Question 18

what are the 2 phases of type I hypersensitivity

Answer 18

• mast cell sensitization

- re-exposure

Question 19

during what phase of type I hypersensitivity will an allergic reaction present

Answer 19

phase 2 (re-exposure)

Question 20

what happens during the first phase of type I hypersensitivity

Answer 20

after exposure to the allergen, TH2 cytokines are produced which stimulate B cells and plasma cell formation
plasma cells produce IgE which attaches to and sensitizes mast cells

Question 21

what cells are involved with type I hypersensitivity

Answer 21

• B cells & plasma cells

- mast cells

Question 22

what happens during the second phase of type I hypersensitivity

Answer 22

the allergen binds to IgE on already sensitized mast cells
this forms an immune complex
inflammation mediators are released (histamine, prostaglandin)
inflammation occurs at site of contact

Question 23

what is shock

Answer 23

failure of the cardiovascular system and inability to perfuse

Question 24

what are the 4 types of shock

Answer 24

• cardiogenic (heart fx impaired)
• hypovolemic (low blood volume)
• obstructive (obstruction of vessels)
• distributive (dilated vessels decreases patency)

Question 25

what is anaphylactic shock

Answer 25

a severe type I hypersensitivity reaction

Question 26

what happens during anaphylactic shock

Answer 26

an allergen causes systemic mediator release mediators cause increased systemic vasodilation and capillary permeability this causes systemic edema distributive shock occurs due to low vessel patency

Question 27

what is type II hypersensitivity mediated by

Answer 27

antibodies (IgG or IgM)

Question 28

what happens during type II hypersensitivity

Answer 28

endogenous and exogenous antigens are mistargeted by antibodies - loss of self recognition any cell bearing the immune complex is destroyed

Question 29

what is an example of type II hypersensitivity

Answer 29

incompatible blood transfusion

Question 30

what happens during type III hypersensitivity

Answer 30

some immune complexes are not degraded and move through the body depositing in tissues

Question 31

why does type III hypersensitivity occur (2 reasons)

Answer 31

- some immune complexes are too small to be recognized | - some immune complexes are resistant to breakdown

Question 32

what are 2 examples of type III hypersensitivity

Answer 32

- glomerulonephritis (inflammation of the kidney) | - rheumatoid arthritis (one part of this is type III)

Question 33

what is type IV hypersensitivity mediated by

Answer 33

T cells

Question 34

what happens during type IV hypersensitivity

Answer 34

any cell bearing an antigen the T cell is responding to will be destroyed (self and foreign)

Question 35

what are the 2 types of type IV hypersensitivity

Answer 35

direct | delayed

Question 36

why does delayed type IV hypersensitivity occur

Answer 36

the production of lymphokines takes a few days

Question 37

what is a TB test an example of

Answer 37

a type IV hypersensitivity

Question 38

what is an autoimmunity

Answer 38

a chronic disease where the immune system targets self antigens

Question 39

what is lost during autoimmunity

Answer 39

self tolerance

Question 40

during autoimmunity the self is recognized as

Answer 40

foriegn

Question 41

what are the 3 ways self tolerance is lost during autoimmunity

Answer 41

- molecular mimicry - abnormal T cell function - exposure of sequestered antigens

Question 42

what is molecular mimicry (autoimmunity)

Answer 42

a cell shares a similar epitope with bacteria, | T cells get confused, antigen is mis-identified, T cell destroys the cell bearing the epitope

Question 43

what is abnormal T cell fx (autoimmunity)

Answer 43

suppressor T cell function is not optimal | cytotoxic T cells are continuously produced and target self components

Question 44

what is exposure of sequestered antigens (autoimmunity)

Answer 44

a self antigen that was hidden during development becomes exposed due to disease exposure for the first time triggers an immune response

Question 45

what is SLE

Answer 45

lupus

Question 46

what is lupus

Answer 46

antibodies target nuclear components (widespread targeting of cells)

Question 47

what type of test can be done for lupus

Answer 47

ANA (anti-nuclear antibodies) test

Question 48

what is neoplasia

Answer 48

abnormal cell growth

Question 49

what is a neoplasm

Answer 49

a tumor (abnormal mass)

Question 50

characteristics of malignant neoplasms

Answer 50

- undifferentiated - invasive, damaging - rapid, disorderly, continuous growth - metastasis

Question 51

characteristics of benign neoplasms

Answer 51

- uncontrolled slower growth (than malignant) - sometimes encapsulated - differentiated - may stop growing - don't spread by metastasis

Question 52

genes code for

Answer 52

proteins which carry out functions

Question 53

what are DNA repair genes

Answer 53

- "spell check" genes | - read genetic code looking for errors and fixing them to avoid mutation

Question 54

targeting of DNA repair genes by carcinogens allows what

Answer 54

mutations to pass through

Question 55

what are proto-oncogenes

Answer 55

- Go genes - promote cell growth - mutation = excessive cell growth = tumor

Question 56

what are tumor suppressor genes

Answer 56

- stop genes - inhibit cell growth/division - mutation = excessive cell growth = tumor

Question 57

what are oncogenes

Answer 57

any cancer associated gene that is mutated | cause malignant growth