Abnormal Psych. Exam 4 Flashcards

Question

Dependent personality disorder

Answer 1

a pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of, which leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation

Answer 2

a pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency

Answer 3

Men more often show traits like aggression and detachment; women more often show submission and insecurity Antisocial- more often male Histrionic & Borderline personality disorders -equal numbers shown in most recent studies -before it was slightly more common in women due to psychologists incorrectly diagnosing women (biased against females) Dependent personality disorder- more often in females

Answer 4

the criteria for the disorder may be biased

Answer 5

the assessment measures and the way they are used may be biased

Answer 6

condition in which a person has multiple diseases

Answer 7

-pervasive and unjustified mistrust and suspicion -few meaningful relationships -behave aggressively or anatagonistically -sensitive to criticism -excessive need for autonomy

Answer 8

Genetic predisposition (related to schizophrenia spectrum of disorders) Psychological factors may involve early learning that people and the world are dangerous or deceptive -early mistreatment or traumatic childhood -parents teaching careful of making mistakes and may impress on them that they are different from others -vigilance=> focus on signs other people are deceptive and malicious Cultural factors of experiences that lead to mistrust (ex: prisoners, refugees, older adults, etc.)

Answer 9

Focuses on development of trust Cognitive therapy to counter negativistic thinking Unlikely to seek due to mistrust and difficulty developing trusting relationships necessary for successful therapy Triggered by crises in life

Answer 10

Pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships -social isolation Very limited range of emotions in interpersonal situations -limited experience and expression Indifference to other people Low interest to sexual experiences + romantic -don't desire or enjoy closeness with others

Answer 11

Etiology is unclear Brainstem inhibitory dysfunction -more prevalence under fear and sadness Childhood shyness -precursor -abuse & neglect also reported May have significant overlap with autism spectrum disorder -possible that a biological dysfunction found in both combines with early learning or early problems with interpersonal relationships to produce social deficits that define schizoid

Answer 12

Focus on the value of interpersonal relationships and on building empathy and social skills -modeling, role-playing, and help identify a social network Rare to request treatment except in response to a crisis

Answer 13

technique that helps patient practice establishing and maintaining social relationships; therapist plays as friend or significant other

Answer 14

Behavior and beliefs odd & unusual -psychotic-like symptoms, social deficits, sometimes cognitive impairment of paranoia; can't see illogic to their ideas Socially isolated and highly suspicious Magical thinking, ideas of reference, and illusions -ex: believing they are telepathic Many meet criteria for major depression Some conceptualize this as resembling a milder form of schizophrenia

Answer 15

Mild expression of "schizophrenia genes"? -some focus as one phenotype of a schizophrenia genotype -increased prevalence amongst relatives with Schizophrenia May be more likely to develop after childhood maltreatment (among men) or trauma (PTSD symptoms among women), especially in men -prospective research says tend to have extreme social anxiety, hypersensitivity, teased for oddness, peculiar thoughts & language More generalized brain deficits may be present

Answer 16

-high risk for major depressive disorder, unsual reason (or anxiety) to seek treatment and part of main treatment Address comorbid depression Main focus is combination of medication, cognitive behavior therapy, and social skills training

Answer 17

Failure to comply with social norms Violation of the rights of others (ex: stealing from family/friends) Irresponsible, impulsive, and deceitful Lack of a conscience, empathy, and remorse "Sociopathy", "psychopathy" typically refers to very similar traits May be very charming, interpersonally manipulative Substance use disorder is common Criteria 1-Glibness/superficial charm 2-Grandios sense of self-worth 3- pathological lying 4-Conning/manipulative 5-Lack of remorse or guilt 6-Callous/lack of empathy

Answer 18

non-DSM category similar to antisocial personality disorder but with less emphasis on overt behavior -indicators: superficial charm, laack of remorse, and other personality characteristics

Answer 19

A separate diagnosis for children who engage in norm-violating behaviors Childhood-onset VS. adolescent-onset types "Callous-unemotional" type of conduct disorder is more likely to evolve into antisocial PD Predominantly boys Many become juvenile offenders and tend to be involved with drugs

Answer 20

=the onset of at least one criterion characteristic of CD prior to age 10

Answer 21

=the absence of any criteria characteristic of CD prior to age 10

Answer 22

a young person presents in a way that suggests personality characteristics similar to an adult with psychopathy

Answer 23

Genetic influences -more likely to develop antisocial behavior if parents have a history antisocial behavior or criminality adopted offspring of felons had significantly higher rates of arrests, conviction, and antisocial personality disorder -interaction between genetic predispositions and environmental influences the adopted children of felons who themselves later become criminals had spent more time in orphanages than either the adopted children of felongs who didn't becomecriminals and the adopted non-felon children Neurobiological -alternations influencing behavior may exist -epigenetics

Answer 24

Underarousal hypothesis-cortical arousal is too low -primary cause of antisocial and risk-taking behaviors; seek stimulation to boost their chronically low levels People with APD are chronically under-aroused and seek stimulation from the tupes of activities that would be too fearful or aversive for most -found that the future criminals had lower skin conductance activity, lower heart rate during rest periods, and more slow-frequency brain wave activity=> low arousal

Answer 25

Fearlessness hypothesis- fail to respond to danger cues Children who develop APD may not adequately learn to fear aversive consequences of negative actions (e.g. punishment for setting fires)

Answer 26

Inhibition signals outweighted by reward signals Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) is responsible for slowing us down when faced with punishment -Reward system: responsible for how we behave (approach to positive rewards; involved with pleasure pathway) Behavior of psychopaths -imbalance between both systems may make fear and anxiety produced by BIS less apparent and the positive feelings with the reward system more prominent

Answer 27

Psychological and social influences -In reserch studies, psychopaths are less likely to give up when goal becomes unattainable- may explain why they persist with behavior (e.g. crime) that is punished Developmental influences -high-conflict childhood increases likelihood of APD in at-risk children

Answer 28

Few seek treatment on their own Antisocial behavior is predictive of poor prognosis Emphasis is placed on prevention and rehabilitation Often incarceration is the only viable alternative May need to focus on practical (or selfish) consequences (e.g., if you assault someone you'll go to prison) Most common treatment strategy for children involves parent training -parents are taught to recognize behavior problems early and to use praise & privileges to reduce problem behavior and encourage prosocial behaviors -factors placing families at risk for not suceeding-> cases with a high degree of family dysfunction, socioeconomic disadvantage, high family stress, a parent's history of antisocial behavior, and severe conduct disorder on the part of the child

Answer 29

Unstable moods and relationships -dysfunction in the area of emotion is sometimes considered one of the love features & best predictor of suicide Impulsivity, fear of abadonment, very poor self-image Self-harm and suicidal gestures -10% die by taking their own lives Comorbidity rates are high with other mental disorders, particularly mood disorders, substance use disorders, and eating disorders (instability -> impulsivity)

Answer 30

Strong genetic component High emotional reactivity may be inherited May have impaired functioning of limbic system -emotion regulation & dysfunctional serotonin neurotransmission Hyperattentive to negative emotional stimuli in the environment Early trauma/abuse increase risk -significant particularly for girls/women (2-3x more likely to be sexually abused than boys)

Answer 31

Generalized biological vulnerability -genetic vulnerability to emotional reactivity & ways it affects specific brain function Generalized psychological vulnerability -tend to view the world as threatening and react strongly to real & perceived threat Specific psychological vulnerability -early trauma/abuse

Answer 32

Antidepressant medications provide some short-term relief Dialectical behavior therapy is most promising treatment

Answer 33

helping people cope with stressors that seem to trigger suicidal behaviors and other maladaptive responses Focus on dual reality of acceptance of difficulties and need for change Focus on interpersonal effectiveness Focus on distress tolerance to decrease reckless/self-harming behavior (priority treatment)

Answer 34

Overly dramatic and sensational May be sexually provocative -often care about looks Often impulsive and need to be the center of attention -vain, self-centered, and uncomfortable when not in spotlight -constantly seek reassuance/approval constantly, and become upset/angry when others don't attend/praise them Thinking and emotions are perceived as shallow More commonly diagnosed in females -may lead to overdiagnosis in women due to fitting Western "Stereotypical female"

Answer 35

Etiology unknown due to lack of research Often co-occurs with antisocial PPD, suggesting it may be a sex-typed variant -women with the underlying condition may be predisposed to exhibit a predominantly histronic pattern, while an antisocial pattern for men

Answer 36

Exaggerated and unreasonable sense of self-importance Preoccupation with receiving attention -require & expect a great deal of special attention Lack sensitivity and compassion for other people -exploit others for their own interests and show little empathy HIghly sensitive to criticism; envious and arrogant (when comforted with other successful people) -often depressed since can't live up to onw expectations Grandiosity

Answer 37

Focus on attention seeking and long-term negative consequences Targets also include problematic interpersonal behaviors Little evidence that treatment is effective

Answer 38

exaggerated feelings and fantasies of greatness

Answer 39

Failure to learn empathy as a child=> remains in a self-centerd, grandiose stage of development -endless & fruitless search for ideal person who will meet unfulfilled empathetic needs Sociological view (LAsch)-product of the "me" generation ("baby boomers")

Answer 40

Focus on grandiosity, lack of empathy, unrealistic thinking Emphasize realistic goals and coping skills for dealing with criticism Little evidence that treatment is effective

Answer 41

Extreme sensitivity to the opinions of others Highly avoidant of most interpersonal relationships -individuals who are asocial because apathetic, affectively flat, and relatively uninterested in interpersonal relationships OR -individuals who are asocial because interpersonally anxious and fearful of rejection Interpersonally anxious and fearful of rejection Low self-esteem

Answer 42

May be linked to schizophrenia; occurs more often in relatives of people with schizophrenia Experiences of early rejection -difficult temperament=> parental rejection=> low self-esteem & social alientation Childhood experiences of neglect, isolation, rejection, and conflcit with others

Answer 43

Similar to treatment for social phobia (Benzodiazapines or SSRIs) Focus on social skills, entering anxiety-provoking situations Good relaitonship with therapist is important (predictor of success)

Answer 44

Reliance on others to make major and minor life decisions Unreasonable fear of abandonment Clingy and submissive in interpersonal relationships -desire to obtain and maintain supportive & nurturing relationships Sometimes agree with other people when their opinion differs so as not to be rejected Feelings of inadequacy, sensitivity to criticsm, need for reassurance -similar to avoidant personality disorder (except they avoid instead of cling)

Answer 45

Causes -Not well understood but may be linked to failure to learn indepedence -disruptions like death of a loved one or neglect or rejection could => fear of abandonment Treatment options -Therapy typically progresses gradually due to lack of independence -careful of overdependence developing on therapist

Answer 46

Excessive and rigid fixation on doing things the right way Highly perfectionistic, orderly, and emotionally shallow Unwilling to delegate tasks because others will do them wrong Difficulty with spontaneity Often have interpersonal problems -rigidity=> poor interpersonal relationships Obsessions and compulsions are rare -unlike for obsessive-compulsive disorder (type of anxiety disorder) Often afraid that what they do will be adequate, so procastinate and excessively ruminate about important issues & minor details alike One of the most common personality disorders in general population Theory that many serial killers have this -"masters of control" in manipulating their victims -combo of disoder + unfortunate childhood experiences Also, sex offeders and gifted children

Answer 47

Causes are not well-known -moderate genetic contribution Treatment -targets include cognitive reappraisal techniques to reframe compulsive thoughts -target rumination, procastination, and feelings of inadequacy

Answer 48

Characterized by a broad spectrum of cognitive and emotional dysfunctions including delusions and hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, and inappropriate emotions Distrupts daily functioning Psychotic symptoms: the individual has lost touch with reality "Split mind" reflects Eugen Bleur's belief that all the usual behaviors shown was an associative splitting of the basic functions of personality -inspired incorrect use of term to mean multiple personalities

Answer 49

Positive symptoms Negative symptoms Disorganized symptoms

Answer 50

symptoms around distorted reality -including delusions and hallucinations

Answer 51

deficits in normal behavior They involve the loss of certain qualities of the person They may intitially be more subtle or difficult to recognize than positive The strong presence is associated with poor outcome Tend to be persistent and more difficult to treat Improve over time May affect approx. 60% of individuals with schizophrenia; many different types

Answer 52

rambling speech, erratic behavior, and inappropriate affect -don't easily fit into positive or negative type -understudied -disorganized speech -erratic speech & emotions -include giving irrelevant reponses to questions, expressive disconnected ideas, and using words in peculiar ways -may relfect a disturbance in the thought patterns that govern verbal discourse

Answer 53

=the presence of two or more positive, negative, or disorganized symptoms for at least 1 month dimensional assessment of symptom severity

Answer 54

=alternating inmobility and excited agitation; unusual motor responses, particularly immobility or agitation, and odd mannerisms Tends to be severe and quite rare May be present in psychotic disorders or diagnosed alone and may include: -stupor, mutism, maintaining the same pose for hours -opposition or lack of response to instructions -repetitive, meaningless motor behaviors -mimicking others' speech or movement Now recognized by DSM-5 as a distinct schizophrenia spectrum disorder

Answer 55

silly and immatur emotionality

Answer 56

delusions of grandeur and persecution

Answer 57

=beliefs that are highly unlikely -often impossible; seen by most members of society as a misrepresentation of reality -people tend to be preoccupied with delusions -delusional patients express and defend their beliefs with utmost conviction "disorder of content"

Answer 58

beliefs that one is a special being or possesses special powers

Answer 59

beliefs that others watch or torment them

Answer 60

beliefs that one's thoughts are being controlled

Answer 61

beliefs that random events or comments by others are directed at the individual

Answer 62

beliefs that someone they know has been replaced by an imposter

Answer 63

beliefs that they are dead

Answer 64

=delusions are coping mechanisms to alleviate stress and anxiety -look at these beliefs as attempts to deal with and relieve anxiety & stress -helps make sense of uncontrollable anxities -distracts from upsetting aspects of the world

Answer 65

=delusions stem from brain dysfunction -views these beliefs as resulting from brain dysfunction that creates these disordered cognition or perceptives

Answer 66

=the experience of sensory events without any input from the surrounding environment (not caused by actual external stimuli_ -persistent and real -can vary in terms of both duration and severity -Broca's area (involved in speech production) being the most active => intrusive thoguhts that they believe are coming from somewhere or -one => meta-worry

Answer 67

worrying about worrying

Answer 68

-one possible explanation -prosody is aspect of our spoken language that communicates meaning and emotion through pitch, amplitude, pauses, etc. -research suggests emotional prosody is deficient in people with auditory verbal hallucinations

Answer 69

the most common hallucinations hearing voices

Answer 70

the second most common form visual obviously XD

Answer 71

perceptions outside of the person's body

Answer 72

perception inside the person's body

Answer 73

thinking about thinking -hallucinations are connected to

Answer 74

-Avolition -Alogia -Asociality -Anhedonia -Affective flattening

Answer 75

=inability to initiate and persist in activities -known as apathy -little inclination towards engaging in even the most basic daily tasks (e.g. personal hygiene Ex: sit listlessly in a chair all day, not washing or combing hair for weeks

Answer 76

=absence of speech -remarkable reductions in the amount of speech or an apparent disinterest in conversation -a negative thoguht disorder-> difficulties in articulating thoughts

Answer 77

=lack of interest in social interactions -develops before the onset of symptoms -might be a strategy to deal with the other symptoms-> to reduce levels of stimulation -may be the result of the stigma of schizophrenia

Answer 78

=presumed lack of pleasure -it may also be an early marker of the oneset of the disorder

Answer 79

=don't show emotions when emotions would normally be expected -blunted affect -show fewer expressions, maintain a vacant stare & avoid eye contact, and are less likely to use gestures to communicate emotional information -their tone of voice may be flat -may internally experience emotions -may stem from difficulty in expressing rather than feeling -may help identify schizophrenia risk in children

Answer 80

the tendency to slip from one topic to an unrelated topic with little coherent transition

Answer 81

replying to a question with an irrelevant response

Answer 82

repeating the same word or phrase over & over

Answer 83

totally incoherent

Answer 84

=emotional displays that are improper for the situation -incongruity and lack of adaptability in emotional expression -may show laughter or tears at inappropriate moments -peculiar or "unconventional" behaviors

Answer 85

disturbance of motor behavior in which the person remains motionless -sometimes in an awkward posture, for extended periods

Answer 86

the tendency to keep their boodoies and limbs in the position they are put in by someone else

Answer 87

Risk increases between the ages of 15 and 35 More severe symptoms -> late adolescence or early adulthood Early childhood indications -mild physical abnormalities, poor motor coordination, mild cognitive and social difficulties Generally, have a poor prognosis -following trrratment there is improvement for many -others may experience a pattern of relapse and recovery

Answer 88

Prodronal stage Active stage Residual stage

Answer 89

=less severe yet unusual behaviors begin to manifest -daily functioning deteriorates -ideas of reference, magical thinking, illusions, social isolation, lack of interests, or energy, unusual perceptual experiences, outcursts of anger, increased tension, and restlessness

Answer 90

=psychotic symptoms start to occur

Answer 91

=symptoms (mainly negative symptoms) similar to prodromal stage -dramatic symptoms of psychosis have improved

Answer 92

Paranoia= delusions of grandeur or persecution Disorganized (hebephrenia)= immature emotional expression Catatonia= alternatig between immobility and agitation

Answer 93

Schizophrenia Schizoaffective Disorder Schizophreniform Disorder Brief Psychotic Disorder Delusional Disorder Schizotypal Disorder

Answer 94

psychotic symptoms lasting beween 1-6 months (>6 months would be diagnosed as schizophrenia) -associated with relatively good functioning -most patients resume normal lives -lifetime prevalence: approx. 0.2% **If don't recover in 6 months=> schizophrenia

Answer 95

symptoms of schizophrenia + additional experience of a major mood episode (depressive or manic) -psychotic symptoms must also occur outside the mood disturbance -prognosis is similar for people with schizophrenia -differential diagnosis is important between Schizoaffective Disorder & Major depressive Disorder with psychotic features

Answer 96

=characterized by delusions that are contrary to reality Lack other positive and negative symptoms Types of delusions include -Erotomanic -Grandiose -Jealous -Persecutory -Somatic Better prognosis than schizophrenia

Answer 97

irrational belief that one is loved by another person, usually of higher status

Answer 98

believing in one's inflated worth, power, knowledge, identity, or special relationship to a deity or famous person

Answer 99

believes that the sexual aprtner is unfaithful

Answer 100

believing oneself (or someone clsoe) is being malovently treated in some wa7

Answer 101

the person feels afflected by a physical defect or general medical condition

Answer 102

the condition in which an individual develops delusions as a result of a close relationship with a delusional individual

Answer 103

psychosis caused by the ingestion of medications, psychoactive drugs, or toxins

Answer 104

condition characterized by hallucinations or delusions and that is the direct result of another physiological disorder (ex: stroke or brain tumor)

Answer 105

=characterized by positive symptoms of schizophrenia (e.g., hallucinations or delusions) or disorganized symptoms -lasts less than one month -briefest duration of all psychotic disorders -typically precipitated by trauma or stress

Answer 106

idetified as a condition in need of further study in DSM-5 =individuals who are at high risk for developing schixophrenia or beginning to show signs of schizophrenia -label designed to focus attention on these individuals who could benefit from early intervention -tend to have good insight into own symptoms -may be at early stage of Schizophrenia (prodromal)

Answer 107

a guide that helps clinicians examine any biases they may have when interviewing people from other cultures

Answer 108

Genes contribute but no single gene; multiple gene variances combine to produce vulnerability Inherit tendency, not specific forms -risk increases with genetic relatedness; risk varies acccording to how many genes shared Monozygotic (100% shared) have greater concordance than dizygotic twins De novo mutations in germ cells or post-conception, can contribute to phenotypic diversity Unshared environments -even identical siblings can have different prenatal and family experiences and can therefor be exposed to varying degrees of biological & environmental stress Gene-environment interaction -adoptee risk for developing high if a biological parent has -protective factor- risk is lower than for those raised by biological parent with schizo.

Answer 109

=genetic mutations that can occur as a result of a mutation in a germ cell (egg or sperm) of one of the parents or in the fertilized egg after conception

Answer 110

=location of genes of these traits Linkage and association studies -endophenotypes -schizophrenia is likely to involve multiple genes

Answer 111

Schizophrenia patients show reduced ability to track a moving object with their eyes Relatives of schizophrenic patients also have deficits in this area

Answer 112

Chromosome 8 (Neuregulin 1; NRG1) Chromosome 6 (dystrobrevin-binding protein 1 or DTNBP1) Chromosome 22 (catecholamine o-methyl transferase; COMT)-> role in dopamine metabolism, seen disrupted in those with the disorder

Answer 113

=schizophrenia is partially caused by overactive dopamine Evidence -drugs that increase dopamine (agonists) result in schizophrenic-like behavior -drugs that decrease dopamine (antagonists) reduce schizophrenic-like behavior

Answer 114

Problem: over-simplistic -May neutrotransmitters are likely involved (at least 3 specific neurochoemical abnormalities simultaneously at play 1-Significant # not helped by dopamine antagonists 2-Although neuropletics block reception of dopamine quickly, symptoms subside after several days/weeks (more slowly than expected) 3-These drugs only partly helpful in reducing negative symptoms

Answer 115

Structural and functional abnormalities -Enlarged ventricles and reduced tissue volume indicates that adjacent parts of the brain either have not developed fully or atrophied, thus allowing the ventricles to become larger more often in men enlarge in proportion to age & duration -Hypofrontality= less active (frontal lobes) a major dopamine pathway Viral infections during early prenatal development -brain damage=> Schizophrenia -findings are inconsistent -possible for the genes that make vulnerable to Schizophrenia may themselves contribute to the birth complications Marijuana use also increases the risk for developing Schizophrenia in at-risk individuals -for those with COMT and AKT1 genotypes -people with Schizophrenia more likely to have a cannabis use disorder

Answer 116

The role of stress -may activate underlying vulnerability -may also incerase risk of relapse Family interactions -Unsupported theories (Schizophrenogenic mother, Double bind communication) -High expressed emotion (EE)- associated with relapse

Answer 117

a mother whose cold, dominant, and rejecting nature was thoguht to cause Schizophrenia in her children

Answer 118

=a communication style that produced conflicting messages, which in turn, caused Schizophrenia to develop -presumably communicates messages with two conflicting meanings ex: "do you love me anymore" when child lets go after a hug

Answer 119

hostility, criticism, and overinvolvement demonstrated by some families toward a family member with a psychological disorder

Answer 120

Often first line treatment for schizophrenia Began in the 1950s Most reduce or eliminate positive symptoms Primarily affect dopamine system, but also affect serotonergic and glutamate system When effective, neuropletics help people think more clearly and reduce hallucinations & delusions -affecting positive symptoms and lesser the negative & disorganized ones -earliest kind called convensional or first-generation

Answer 121

Actute and permanent side effects may occur with both 1st and 2nd generation antipsychotics -Parkinson's-like side effects (similar motor difficulties) ex: trapyramidal symptoms most common is Akinesia -Tardive dyskinesia Compliance with medication is often a problem -Aversion to side effects ex: grogginess, blurred vision, and dryiness of the mouth -Financial cost -Poor relationship with doctors Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Answer 122

=involuntary movements of tongue, face, mouth, or jaw -can include protrusions

Answer 123

=wire coils repeatedly generate magnetic fields that pass through the skull to the brain -stimulate the area of brain involved in hallucinations for individuals with Schizophrenia

Answer 124

-Behavioral methods like the token economy that reward adaptive behavior -Community care programs -Social and living skills training therapists divide social skills into parts (model), roleplay, and then practice in "real world" -Virtual reality-based interventions -Behavioral family therapy resembles classroom education -Vocational rehabilitation ex: supportive employment providing coaches who give on the job-training

Answer 125

when the family is informed about the illness and treatment, relieved of the myth that they caused the disorder, and taught practical facts about antipsychotic medications and their side effects + communication skills + problem solving skills

Answer 126

Engages patient as an active participant in care Continuous goal setting and tracking Modules include social skills training, stress management, substance use disorder

Answer 127

social learning behavior modification system in which individuals each items they can exchange for desired rewards by displaying appropriate behaviors

Answer 128

Identify at-risk children -relatives of individuals with Schizophreniz Foster supportive, stable environments -focus on instability of early family rearing environment; environment factors may trigger onset Offer additional treatment at prodromal stages, including social skills training

Answer 129

True: most medications for Schizophrenia and other psychotic disoders are dopamine anatagonists, althoguh some also affect serotonin and glutamate

Answer 130

True: Although it had been hoped that the second-generation medications would be more aceptable, they have similar side-effect profiles to the first-generation drugs

Answer 131

False: Psychodynamic approaches are not only not helpful in treating people with psychotic disorders, they may be harmful

Answer 132

True: illness management and recovery focuses on helping the indicidual become an active participant in treatment, including providing education about the disorder, teaching effective use of medication strategies for collaborating with clinicians, and coping with symptoms when they reoccur

Answer 133

Nature -central features- impaired consciousness and congnition -develops rapidly over several hours or days -appear confused, disoriented, and inattentive -marked memory and language deficits Full recovery often occurs within several weeks -transient condition -may lead to an increase in the mortality rates (40-50% die within 1 year)

Answer 134

=affect learning, memory, and conscientiousness -Most develop later in life Types: -delirium -Major or mild neurocognitive disoder

Answer 135

From "organic" mental disorders to "cognitive disorders -"organic" indicated brain injury or dysfunction involved -meaningless distinction due to covering so many disoders -"cognitive" to signify that predominant feature is the impairment of such cognitive abilities Board impairments in cognitive functioning Cause profound changes in behavior and personality

Answer 136

Older adults Those undergoing medical procedures People with AIDS or cancer People in hospitals/critical care

Answer 137

Dementia (50% of cases) Drug intoxication, poisons, withdrawal from drugs -designer drugs (ex: ectasy, molly,etc.) can cause substance-unduced delirium Infections Head injury and several forms of brain trauma Sleep deprivation, immobility, and excessive stress

Answer 138

Treatment -Attention to underlying causes ex: caused by alcohol withdrawel=> antipsychotic meds necessary and appropriate medical intervention often revolves accompanying delirium -Psychosocial interventions first line of treatment reassurance/comfort, coping strategies, inclusion of patients in treatment decisions Prevention -Address proper medical care for illnesses, proper use of and adherence to therapeutic drugs

Answer 139

Nature -gradual deterioration of brain functioning -deterioration in judgment and memory -deterioration in language/advanced cognitive processes -has many causes and may be irreversible

Answer 140

draws attention to early-stage cognitive decline

Answer 141

Aphasia Apraxia Agnosia Executive dysfunction

Answer 142

difficulty with language

Answer 143

impaired motor functioning

Answer 144

failure to recognize objects -one of the most familiar symptoms of NCD

Answer 145

inability to recognize even familiar faces

Answer 146

difficulties with planning, organizing, sequencing, abstracting information

Answer 147

Include several medical conditions and the use or misuse of drugs or alcohol that provide negative changes in cognitive functioning -Due to Alzheimer's disease include multiple cognitive deficits that develop gradually and steadily -Prion disease -Parkinson's disease -Huntington's disease -Frontrotemporal Vascular -With Lewy bodies Due to traumatic brain injury -Substance/medication induced -HIV infection -Another medical condition -Multiple etiologies -Unspecified

Answer 148

=primarily affects the inner areas of the brain, below the outer layer called the cortex -People are more likely to experience severe depression and anxiety than cortical dementia -In general, motor skills including speed and coordination are impaired early

Answer 149

Aphasia Impaired recall and recognition Impaired Visuospatial skills Less severe depression and anxiety Normal motor speed Normal coordination until late in the progression ----------------------------------------------------------- No aphasia Impaired recal; normal or less impaired recognition Impaired Visuospatial skills More severe depression and anxiety Slowed motor speed Impaired coordination

Answer 150

Typically develop gradually and steadily Mmeory, orientation, judgment, and reasoning deficits Range of cognitive deficits Aphasia, Apraxia, Agnosia, Executive dysfunction Negative impact on social and occupational functiong Additional symptoms may include -agitation, confucsion, or combativeness -depression and/or anxiety

Answer 151

More common in less educated individuals Slightly more common in women Post-diagnosis survival= 8 years Onset= 60s-70s (early onset= 40s-50s) 60-70% of the cases of neurocognitive disorder result from Alzheimer's disease

Answer 152

-Caused by blockage or damage to bllod vessels no longer carry oxygen and other nutrients to certain areas of brain tissue, damge results -Second leading cause of neurocognitive disorder after Alzheimer's disease -Onset is often suggen (ex: stroke) Patterns of impairment are variable because multiple sites in teh brain can be damaged, profile of degeneration differs by person -Most require formal care in later stages until they succumb to an infectious disease to which they are susceptible because weakening of the immune system -Prevalence 1.5% in people 70 to 75 and 15% for people over 80 -Risk slightly high in men possibly accounted by the relatively high rate of Cardiovasuclar disease

Answer 153

=damage to the frontal or temporal regions of the brain, affecting personality, language, and behavior Two types: -declines in appropriate behavior -declines in language Pick's disease

Answer 154

Rare neurological condition Produces a cortical dementia like Alzheimer's Occurs relatively early in life (around 40s-50s) Course believed to last 5-10yrs and appears to have a genetic component

Answer 155

Accidents leading cause -assaults, falls, suicide attempts Symptoms last for at least one week after head injury, including problems with executive function, learning, and memory -ex: difficulty planning complex activities -memory loss is the most common symptom Risk factors include age (most common among teens and young adults), excessive alcohol use, and lower SES

Answer 156

Lewy bodies: microscopic protein deposits that damage the brain over time Symptoms onset gradually -impaired attention and alertness, visual hallucinations, motor impairment

Answer 157

Degenerative brain disorder -principally affecting motor performance associated with reduction in dopamine (maybe also major neurocognitive disorder) Dopamine pathway damage 1/1,000 affected worldwide Chief difficulty: motor problems -stooped posture, Bradykinesia (slow body movements), tremor, jerkiness in walking, speech (soft monotone) Not all with PD will develop dementia 75% survive 10+ years after diagnosis

Answer 158

Causes AIDS Can cuase neurological impairments and dementia in some individuals -cognitive slowness, impaired attention, and forgetfulness, clumsy, repetitive movements (tremors & leg weakness) Apathy and social withdrawal Typically occurs in later disease stages Now occurs in <10% of individuals with HIV; HAART decreases risk because of new medications

Answer 159

=a genetic disorder that initially affects motor movements, typically in the form of Chorea, involuntary limb movements; A genetic autosomal dominant disorder -50% of offspring of someone with the disease will develop it -caused by a gene on Chromosome 4 Manifests initially as involuntary limb movements (chorea), usually later in life Somwehere between 20-80% display enurocognitive disorder Dementia follows a subcortical pattern

Answer 160

=disorder of proteins in the brain that reproduce and cause damage No known treatment, always fatal Can only be acquired through cannibalism or accidental transmission (ex: contaminated blood transfusion) Ex: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Answer 161

Affects one out of 1,000,000 people Linked to mad cow disease (bovine spongiform encephalopathy) -might be transmitted from infected cattle to humans

Answer 162

characterized by excessive cranial water due to brain chrinkage

Answer 163

inadequate thyroid gland function

Answer 164

50-70% of chronic heavy alchol users show some cognitive impairment; 7% of those meet criteria for neurocognitive disorder Results from prolonged drug use, especially incombination with poor diet May be caused by alcohol, sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, or inhalant drugs Brain damage may be permanent Symptoms similar to Alzheimer's Deficits may include memory impairment, aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, disturbed executive functioning

Answer 165

having one you are nearly 100% likely of developing the disorder i. rare

Answer 166

slightly increase risk i. more common in general population

Answer 167

Each of them have biological origins Contributions of Psychosocial Factors in Neurocognitive Disorders -Psychosocial factors like education, coping skills, and social support don't cause dementia directly (may influence onset and course) -Lifestyle factors include drug use, diet, exercise, stress -Risk for certain conditions vary by ethnicity

Answer 168

Few primary treatments exist Most treatments attempt to slow progression of deterioration, but can't stop it Some drugs target cognitive deficits -cholinesterase-inhibitors modest impact on cognitive abilities in some patients -long-term effects not well demonstrated continue to experience cognitive decline lose small gain once stop taking drugs (which most due because of side effects)

Answer 169

Gingkgo biloba (herb) to improve memory-findings are mixed Slowing down progression through taking vitamins, doing exercise Drugs to treat associated symptoms -SSRIs for depression and anxiety -Antipsychotics for agitation All are only modestly effective for short periods Tests of vaccines on genetically altered mice -mice are good subjects due to aging rapidly, allowing researchers to study how the brain reacts to the potential vaccine if it has already started the progression

Answer 170

mice in which the DNA has been altered

Answer 171

Enhance lives of patients and their families Teach compensatory skills Use memory enhancement devices, if needed ex: "memory wallets" containing statements about one's life Cognitive stimulation can delay onset of more severe symptoms -practice learning and memory skills

Answer 172

They get instructions on how to hangle problematic behavior like -Wandering -Socially inappropriate behavior because no longer aware of social stigma ex: masturbation in public -Impact of care on their own health They are also under a great deal of stress, may need mental health treatment Early on, need basic information on causes and treatment of disorder, fianncial & legal issues, and locating help for the patient & family

Answer 173

Through interviews and medical history, 3 major factors individuals can change 1-Control your blood pressure 2-Don't smoke 3-Lead an active physical & social life

Answer 174

=detail when a person can legally declared to have a mental illness and be placed in a hospital for treatment Involves legal definition of mental illness In the US date back to the 19th century Laws vary by state In emergency situations, clearly immediate danger, a short-term commitment can be made without the formal proceedings required

Answer 175

person agrees to receive treatment as a condition for continuing to live in the community

Answer 176

1-Person has a mental illness and needs treatment 2-Person is dangerous to self or others 3-Person is gravely disabled (inability to care for self)

Answer 177

Governamnetal authrotiy over civil commitment -Police power -Parens patriae Person fails to seek help Others feel that help is needed Petition is made to a judge on the behalf of the person Individual must be notified of the commitment process Determination is made by a jduge Decision informed by expert opinion

Answer 178

Police are responsible for the health, welfare, and safety of society They can create laws and regulations to ensure it Criminal offenders in custody if a threat

Answer 179

=state acts as a surrogate parent -a person receives care to prevent them from being in danger ex: custody of children with no parents ex: commit individuals with severe mental illness to mental health facilities when believed they might be harmed because unable to secure basic necessities of life (grave disability- food & shelter) or because they don't recognize their need for treatment

Answer 180

=typically defined as severe emotional or thoguht disturbances that impact health and safety Definitions vary by state Often exclude: -cognitive disability -substance-related disorders Definition is not synonymous with having a psychological diagnosis -benefit: flexibility -disadvantage: vulnerable to bias

Answer 181

=tendency to violence that, contrary to opinion, is not more likely among mental patients Central to commitment proceedings Violence and mental illness -misconception that people with mental illness are much more likely to be dangerous- perpetuated by sensational media portraysals -substance use disorder and recent victimization increase likelihood of violence -people with mental illness are more likely to be victims of violent crimes than those without Assessment tools are best at identifying persons at low risk of being violent, not good at long term prediction -functional imaging technologies reveals that injury to prefrontal cortex ("empathy" towards others in distress area) prevents people from using empathy to make moral decisions Ultimately, professional cannot predict whether any given individual will become violent

Answer 182

Supreme court has placed restrictions on involuntary commitment -A non-dangerous person cannot be involuntarily commited (O'Connor V. Donaldson) (when the superintendent of the hospital refused to release Dondaldson for almost 15 years, during which received no treatment) Addington v. Texas(1979), the U.S. Supreme Court said that more than just a promise of improving quality of life is required to commit someone involuntary -if nondangerous people with mental illness can survive in the community witht he help of tohers, they shouldn't be detained against their will

Answer 183

-Criminalization of the mentally ill living within the community with no mental health services, eventually runnning wild in the legal system because of behavior -Deinstitutionalization -Transinstitutionalization

Answer 184

=movement of people with mental illness out of institutions Policies to severly limit who can be involuntarily commited, the limits placed on the hospital stays of people with severe mental illness, and the concurrent closing of large psychiatric hospitals were held responsible for the substantial increase in homelessness during the 1980s Problem= led large number of ill people to become homeless 2 goals -to close the large state mental hospitals -to create a network of community mental health centers where the relased invidividuals could be treated

Answer 185

=in practice, people with mental illness have been moved out of large mental hospitals to other institutions, including prisons and nursing homes -instead of alternative community care

Answer 186

=accussed of commiting a crime Detained in mental health facility -evaluation determines fitness to stand trial Can be found guilty, not guilty, or not guily by reason of insanity

Answer 187

Accused not guilty because of insanity at time of crime Diagnosis of a disorder is not the same as insanity Frequently protrayed in popular media but actually very rare

Answer 188

instability to distinguish right from wrong

Answer 189

crime was the product of a mental illness

Answer 190

knowledge of right vs.wrong; self-control; diminished capacity

Answer 191

Evidence of abnormal mental condition would be admissible to affect the degree of crime for which an accused could be convicted Specifically, those offenses requiring intent or knowledge could be reduced to lesser include offenses requiring only reckless or criminal neglect

Answer 192

Understanding of legal charges Ability to assist in one's own defense Essential for trial or legal processes Burden of proof is on the defense

Answer 193

Loss of decision-making authority Results in commitment, but with limitations

Answer 194

Research indicates that the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory test is mostly accurate in revealing malingering The examiners look for true symptoms but those that people with mental illness rarely report They tend to have a rush to fake their illness, often overreport these problems, perhaps to convince others Mental health professionals also appear capable of providing reliable information about a person's competence, or abiltiy to understand & assist with a defense

Answer 195

to fake or grossly exaggerate symptoms, usually to be absolved from blame

Answer 196

Person with specialized knowledge and expertise Assist in competency determinations Assist in making reliable DSM diagnoses Advise the court regarding psychological assessment and diagnosis Assess malingering

Answer 197

Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California -must warn individual in danger Thompson v. County of Alameda -threats must be specific When in doubt, consult with colleague

Answer 198

Increased cost of health care leads governments to study effectiveness of treatment Past 15 years- Evidence Based Practice (EBP) formally identified as systematic method of delivering clinical care Agency for Health Research and Quality -efficient and cost-effective mental health services -dissemination of relevant state-of-the-art information -Clinical efficacy axis -Clinical utility axis

Answer 199

=thorough consideration of scientific evidence to determine whether intervention is effective compared to alternative treatment

Answer 200

=concerned with the effectiveness of the intervention in the practice setting

Abnormal Psych. Exam 4 Flashcards

(224 cards)