Abnormal Psych Exam Revision

Question 1

How do we define what is normal and what is abnormal?

Answer 1

Normal and abnormal are defined through subjective decisions, with no clear line between them.

This includes various criteria such as cultural relativism, unusualness of behavior, and distress.

Question 2

What is the Continuum Model of Abnormality?

Answer 2

It suggests there is no clear line between normal and abnormal behavior, requiring subjective decisions.

This model emphasizes the grey areas in defining psychological disorders.

Question 3

What does cultural relativism imply in the context of abnormality?

Answer 3

It suggests that there are no universal standards for labeling behavior as abnormal; behaviors are abnormal only relative to cultural norms.

Example: Family sleeping arrangements vary across cultures.

Question 4

What are the criteria for abnormal behavior?

Answer 4

• Cultural relativism
• Unusualness of behavior
• Distress

Distress refers to the discomfort experienced by the individual exhibiting the behavior.

Question 5

What is the definition of mental illness?

Answer 5

A condition characterized by thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that create dysfunction and can impair daily life.

There is no medical test to identify mental illness; diagnosis is based on symptoms.

Question 6

What are the Four ‘D’s of Abnormality?

Answer 6

• Dysfunction
• Distress
• Deviance
• Danger

These criteria help in evaluating whether a behavior is considered abnormal.

Question 7

What does the term psychopathology refer to?

Answer 7

The study of psychological disorders and their symptoms.

It encompasses the understanding of various mental illnesses and their manifestations.

Question 8

What is the etiology of psychological disorders?

Answer 8

The causes of disorders.

Etiology can include biological, psychological, and environmental factors.

Question 9

What are the historical views on mental illness?

Answer 9

• Supernatural theories
• Somatogenic theories
• Psychogenic theories

These theories reflect different perspectives on the origins of mental illness throughout history.

Question 10

What is trephination?

Answer 10

A surgical practice dating back to as early as 6500 BC involving drilling holes in skulls to treat head injuries and mental disorders.

It was believed to release evil spirits causing mental illness.

Question 11

What role did Philippe Pinel play in mental health reform?

Answer 11

He advocated for more humane treatment of the mentally ill in the late 1700s.

His efforts marked a significant shift in the treatment of individuals with psychological disorders.

Question 12

What is the biopsychosocial model in mental health?

Answer 12

A model that emphasizes the interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding disorders.

It recognizes that multiple influences contribute to mental health.

Question 13

What is the difference between involuntary and voluntary treatment?

Answer 13

Involuntary treatment is not chosen by the individual, while voluntary treatment is sought by the individual to relieve symptoms.

This distinction is important in understanding patient autonomy in mental health care.

Question 14

What is the significance of the DSM-5?

Answer 14

It is used for diagnosing psychological disorders and provides standardized criteria for classification.

The DSM-5 is a critical tool for mental health professionals.

Question 15

What characterizes Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?

Answer 15

Excessive anxiety or worry for at least 6 months about various aspects of life. Symptoms include restlessness, fatigue, and difficulty concentrating.

At least three symptoms must be present that are not related to another anxiety disorder.

Question 16

What is the difference between fear and anxiety?

Answer 16

Fear is an immediate reaction to a threat, while anxiety involves apprehension regarding potential threats.

Anxiety serves a motivational purpose, prompting preparatory actions.

Question 17

What is a panic attack?

Answer 17

A period of extreme fear or discomfort that develops abruptly and peaks within 10 minutes.

Symptoms may include heart palpitations, sweating, and feelings of losing control.

Question 18

What is a specific phobia?

Answer 18

An excessive, persistent fear of a specific object or situation, leading to significant distress.

Common examples include fear of heights or spiders.

Question 19

What is social anxiety disorder?

Answer 19

Characterized by extreme fear and avoidance of social situations where one might be negatively evaluated.

It often develops from early negative social experiences.

Question 20

What are the criteria for diagnosing separation anxiety disorder?

Answer 20

• Excessive distress related to separation
• Persistent worry about losing attachment figures
• Reluctance to be alone or away from home

Symptoms must persist for at least four weeks in children and six months in adults.

Question 21

What is selective mutism?

Answer 21

An anxiety disorder where a person cannot speak in specific situations despite being capable of speech.

It often coexists with social anxiety disorder.

Question 22

What is Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?

Answer 22

Experiencing thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted (obsessions) and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions).

Obsessions are persistent and distressing thoughts, while compulsions are repetitive behaviors aimed at reducing anxiety.

Question 23

Define Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD).

Answer 23

Being preoccupied with a perceived flaw in one’s physical appearance that is either nonexistent or barely noticeable to others.

This disorder often leads to behaviors such as excessive mirror checking and comparisons with others.

Question 24

What percentage of the general population is estimated to have Body Dysmorphic Disorder?

Answer 24

Approximately 2%.

BDD is associated with higher rates of suicidal ideation and attempts.

Question 25

List characteristics of Hoarding Disorder (HD).

Answer 25

* Inability to part with personal possessions * Embarrassment about clutter * Arguments with family over clutter * Risk of fire or eviction * Feelings of depression or anxiety due to clutter * Fear of needing items in the future * Checking garbage for discarded items

Question 26

What is Trichotillomania?

Answer 26

A psychological disorder characterized by a long-term urge that results in pulling out one's hair. ## Footnote The most common pulling site is the scalp.

Question 27

Define Excoriation Disorder.

Answer 27

An obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder characterized by the repeated urge to pick at one's own skin. ## Footnote This behavior can lead to psychological or physical damage.

Question 28

What are common stressors related to Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders?

Answer 28

* Exposure to military combat * Threatened or actual physical assaults * Terrorist attacks * Natural disasters * Automobile accidents

Question 29

What are the symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?

Answer 29

* Intrusive memories * Flashbacks * Avoidance of stimuli connected to the event * Negative emotional states * Feelings of detachment * Irritability * Exaggerated startle response

Question 30

What is the duration for diagnosing Acute Stress Disorder?

Answer 30

Lasts between 3 days and 1 month following a traumatic event. ## Footnote If symptoms persist beyond one month, PTSD may be diagnosed.

Question 31

What defines Adjustment Disorder?

Answer 31

An abnormal stress response occurring within three months of a stressor. ## Footnote Symptoms must be clinically significant and not meet criteria for another disorder.

Question 32

What is Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD)?

Answer 32

A stressor-related disorder caused by social neglect during childhood, characterized by disturbed social behaviors. ## Footnote This disorder results from inadequate caregiving.

Question 33

Define Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID).

Answer 33

Experiencing two or more distinct identities that recurrently take control over one’s behavior. ## Footnote Symptoms include gaps in memory and significant distress.

Question 34

What is Somatic Symptom Disorder?

Answer 34

A mental disorder that manifests as physical symptoms suggesting illness, which cannot be fully explained by a medical condition. ## Footnote Symptoms must persist for at least six months.

Question 35

What is the difference between Illness Anxiety Disorder and Somatic Symptom Disorder?

Answer 35

Illness Anxiety Disorder involves preoccupation with concern about developing a severe medical condition without specific somatic symptoms. ## Footnote In contrast, Somatic Symptom Disorder involves actual physical complaints.

Question 36

What are common symptoms of Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder?

Answer 36

* Numbness * Blindness * Paralysis * Inability to speak * Seizures

Question 37

What is Factitious Disorder?

Answer 37

A condition where a person deliberately produces or feigns symptoms to attain the patient role. ## Footnote This behavior is not motivated by external rewards.

Question 38

What is Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

Answer 38

Characterized by a depressed mood most of the day and loss of interest in usual activities. ## Footnote MDD is influenced by genetic, environmental, and psychological factors.

Question 39

What are the symptoms required for a diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder?

Answer 39

* Significant weight loss or gain * Difficulty sleeping or sleeping too much * Fatigue or loss of energy * Feelings of worthlessness * Diminished ability to think or concentrate

Question 40

What percentage of the risk for major depressive disorder (MDD) is related to genetics?

Answer 40

About 40% ## Footnote This indicates a significant genetic component in the susceptibility to MDD.

Question 41

What are the symptoms required for a diagnosis of major depressive disorder?

Answer 41

Five symptoms for at least a two-week period, including: * Significant weight loss or gain * Difficulty sleeping or sleeping too much * Fatigue or loss of energy * Feelings of worthlessness or guilt * Difficulty concentrating * Thoughts of death ## Footnote Symptoms must cause significant distress and not be due to substances or medical conditions.

Question 42

What subtype of depression involves anxiety symptoms such as tenseness and restlessness?

Answer 42

Depression with Anxious Distress ## Footnote This subtype indicates a co-occurrence of anxiety and depressive symptoms.

Question 43

Which subtype of depression is characterized by lack of interest or pleasure in activities?

Answer 43

Melancholic Features ## Footnote This subtype emphasizes a profound loss of interest in usual activities.

Question 44

What is Persistent Depressive Disorder?

Answer 44

A person experiences mild to moderate depressed moods for most of the day nearly every day for at least two years, with at least two symptoms of MDD ## Footnote Symptoms include decreased or increased appetite, sleep issues, fatigue, and feelings of hopelessness.

Question 45

What is Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)?

Answer 45

A childhood condition of extreme irritability, anger, and intense temper outbursts ## Footnote Symptoms typically begin before age 10 and require clinical attention.

Question 46

What are the symptoms of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)?

Answer 46

* Lasting irritability or anger * Feelings of sadness or despair * Tension or anxiety * Panic attacks * Mood swings * Trouble thinking * Physical symptoms ## Footnote PMDD affects 1.8–5.8% of menstruating women.

Question 47

What characterizes Bipolar I Disorder?

Answer 47

Single or recurrent manic episode ## Footnote Depressive episodes are not necessary for diagnosis but are commonly present.

Question 48

What is the duration requirement for hypomanic episodes in Bipolar II Disorder?

Answer 48

Four days or longer ## Footnote Hypomanic episodes must occur alongside depressive episodes.

Question 49

What defines Cyclothymic Disorder?

Answer 49

Numerous periods of depressive and hypomanic symptoms lasting more than one year in children and two years in adults ## Footnote Symptoms must not meet the criteria for major depressive episodes or bipolar disorder.

Question 50

What are the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia?

Answer 50

Two or more symptoms present for a significant portion of time during a 1-month period, including: * Delusions * Hallucinations * Disorganized speech * Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior * Negative symptoms ## Footnote Symptoms must persist for at least 6 months.

Question 51

What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 51

Symptoms of commission, examples include: * Hallucinations * Delusions * Bizarre behavior ## Footnote Positive symptoms reflect excesses or distortions in normal functions.

Question 52

What is Delusional Disorder?

Answer 52

Presence of one or more non-bizarre delusions for one month or more ## Footnote Delusions must not be explained by other mental health conditions.

Question 53

What characterizes Brief Psychotic Disorder?

Answer 53

Sudden onset of psychotic behavior lasting less than 1 month followed by complete remission ## Footnote Symptoms may include delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech.

Question 54

What is Schizoaffective Disorder?

Answer 54

A mental disorder characterized by abnormal thought processes and unstable moods ## Footnote Symptoms may include delusions, hallucinations, and negative symptoms.

Question 55

What is Anorexia Nervosa?

Answer 55

An eating disorder characterized by extreme thinness due to starvation or excessive exercise ## Footnote Symptoms include intense fear of gaining weight and distorted body image.

Question 56

What are the symptoms of Bulimia Nervosa?

Answer 56

* Chronically inflamed throat * Swollen salivary glands * Worn tooth enamel * Gastrointestinal problems * Electrolyte imbalance ## Footnote Bulimia involves compensatory behaviors following binge eating.

Question 57

What defines Binge Eating Disorder (BED)?

Answer 57

Recurrent episodes of binge eating without compensatory behaviors ## Footnote Symptoms include eating rapidly and feeling a loss of control.

Question 58

What is Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID)?

Answer 58

Eating disturbance associated with a lack of interest in food ## Footnote It can lead to substantial weight loss and nutritional deficiencies.

Question 59

What is Rumination Disorder?

Answer 59

Regurgitation of food that is re-chewed, re-swallowed, or spit out ## Footnote Symptoms occur shortly after eating.

Question 60

What is Pica?

Answer 60

Appetite for non-nutritive substances such as soil or paper ## Footnote Must persist for more than one month and require clinical attention.

Question 61

What is Insomnia?

Answer 61

Consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep ## Footnote It is one of the most common sleep disorders.

Question 62

What are the three categories of sleep disorders?

Answer 62

• Sleep disorders • Breathing related disorders • Parasomnias ## Footnote These categories help classify various sleep-related issues.

Question 63

Define insomnia.

Answer 63

A consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep, often leading to increased anxiety about sleep. ## Footnote Insomnia can create a self-perpetuating cycle due to heightened anxiety.

Question 64

What is narcolepsy?

Answer 64

A disorder characterized by extreme drowsiness and uncontrollable sleep episodes, often associated with cataplexy. ## Footnote Narcolepsy with cataplexy is type 1, while without cataplexy is type 2.

Question 65

What is hypersomnolence disorder?

Answer 65

A condition where the patient experiences excessive daytime sleepiness without symptoms of narcolepsy or breathing-related sleep disorders. ## Footnote Sleep drunkenness is a symptom, leading to confusion and disorientation upon waking.

Question 66

What behaviors are associated with sleepwalking?

Answer 66

Engaging in complex behaviors such as wandering or driving, with eyes open but unresponsive to communication. ## Footnote Sleepwalking occurs during NREM sleep.

Question 67

What is REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)?

Answer 67

A disorder where muscle paralysis associated with REM sleep does not occur, leading to physical behaviors during dreams. ## Footnote Prevalence is around 0.5 to 1% in the general population.

Question 68

Define sleep apnea.

Answer 68

Episodes during which a sleeper’s breathing stops for 10–20 seconds or longer, often leading to arousal. ## Footnote Types include obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and central sleep apnea (CSA).

Question 69

What is substance use disorder?

Answer 69

When an individual uses more of a substance than intended and continues use despite adverse consequences. ## Footnote Includes physical and psychological dependence.

Question 70

What are the symptoms of alcohol use disorder (AUD)?

Answer 70

• Mental and/or physical health problems • Slurred speech • Incoordination • Impairment in attention or memory • Withdrawal symptoms ## Footnote AUD can range from mild to severe.

Question 71

What characterizes stimulant use disorder?

Answer 71

Abuse of stimulants leading to clinically significant behavioral or psychological changes. ## Footnote Withdrawal symptoms can include dysphoric mood and physiological changes.

Question 72

What is opioid use disorder (OUD)?

Answer 72

A substance use disorder involving opioids, causing significant impairment or distress. ## Footnote Symptoms include strong desire to use opioids and withdrawal symptoms.

Question 73

What are the primary functions of sedative, hypnotic, and anxiolytic drugs?

Answer 73

• Inducing sleep • Treating insomnia • Calming or relieving anxiety ## Footnote Over 95% of insomnia patients are prescribed hypnotics in some countries.

Question 74

What defines a hallucinogen?

Answer 74

A drug that alters sensory and perceptual experiences, with minimal intellectual impairment. ## Footnote Examples include mescaline and LSD.

Question 75

What is gender dysphoria?

Answer 75

Distress stemming from an incongruence between a person's felt gender and assigned sex/gender. ## Footnote Can manifest in childhood or later in life.

Question 76

What disorders are classified under sexual dysfunctions?

Answer 76

• Delayed ejaculation • Erectile disorder • Female orgasmic disorder • Genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder • Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder • Premature ejaculation ## Footnote These disorders affect sexual functioning and desire.

Question 77

What is a paraphilia?

Answer 77

Persistent and recurrent sexual interests or behaviors involving atypical objects or situations. ## Footnote Examples include fetishism and exhibitionism.

Question 78

Fill in the blank: _______ is characterized by a lack or absence of sexual desire.

Answer 78

Hypoactive sexual desire disorder.

Question 79

True or False: Cannabis use disorder combines cannabis abuse and dependence into a single entity.

Answer 79

True.

Question 80

What are sexual dysfunctions?

Answer 80

Conditions that impair sexual functioning ## Footnote Includes dyspareunia and vaginismus

Question 81

Define dyspareunia.

Answer 81

Painful intercourse experienced by individuals ## Footnote Commonly reported issue in sexual dysfunction

Question 82

Define vaginismus.

Answer 82

Involuntary contraction of vaginal muscles, making intercourse painful or impossible ## Footnote Related to sexual dysfunctions

Question 83

What are paraphilias?

Answer 83

Persistent and recurrent sexual interests, urges, fantasies, or behaviors involving atypical objects or situations ## Footnote Examples include fetishism and exhibitionism

Question 84

What is fetishism?

Answer 84

Use of nonliving objects for sexual pleasure ## Footnote Commonly includes items like shoes and undergarments

Question 85

What is transvestic fetishism?

Answer 85

Sexual arousal from cross-dressing ## Footnote Involves wearing clothes of another sex

Question 86

Define exhibitionism.

Answer 86

Exposure of genitalia to unsuspecting strangers for sexual satisfaction ## Footnote Considered a paraphilia

Question 87

What is voyeurism?

Answer 87

Viewing an unsuspecting person engaging in disrobing or sexual activity ## Footnote A form of paraphilia

Question 88

Define frotteurism.

Answer 88

Touching or rubbing against a nonconsenting person for sexual arousal ## Footnote Classified under paraphilias

Question 89

What is sexual masochism?

Answer 89

Derivation of sexual arousal from being the recipient of physical or mental abuse ## Footnote A type of paraphilia

Question 90

What is sexual sadism?

Answer 90

Sexual arousal gained from inflicting suffering on a nonconsenting person ## Footnote Related to paraphilias

Question 91

Define pedophilia.

Answer 91

Sexual activity with a prepubescent child by an offender at least sixteen years old ## Footnote Victim must be at least five years younger

Question 92

What are personality disorders?

Answer 92

Conditions that markedly differ from cultural expectations, are pervasive, and cause distress or impairment ## Footnote Begin in adolescence or early adulthood

Question 93

List the three clusters of personality disorders.

Answer 93

* Cluster A: Odd or eccentric types * Cluster B: Dramatic, emotional, or erratic types * Cluster C: Anxious or fearful types

Question 94

What characterizes paranoid personality disorder?

Answer 94

General suspicion and distrust of others ## Footnote Symptoms include holding grudges and preoccupation with loyalty doubts

Question 95

What are symptoms of schizoid personality disorder?

Answer 95

* Lack of interest in social relationships * Chooses solitary activities * Emotional coldness * Indifference to praise or criticism

Question 96

Define schizotypal personality disorder.

Answer 96

Characterized by severe social anxiety, thought disorder, and unusual beliefs ## Footnote Symptoms include ideas of reference and strange behavior

Question 97

What defines antisocial personality disorder?

Answer 97

Disregard for others' rights and feelings ## Footnote Symptoms include deceitfulness and lack of remorse

Question 98

What are the key traits of histrionic personality disorder?

Answer 98

Excessive attention-seeking behaviors and emotionality ## Footnote Symptoms include discomfort when not the center of attention

Question 99

Define narcissistic personality disorder.

Answer 99

Characterized by grandiosity and lack of empathy ## Footnote Symptoms include a need for admiration and sense of entitlement

Question 100

What characterizes borderline personality disorder?

Answer 100

Unstable relationships and strong emotional reactions ## Footnote Symptoms include frantic efforts to avoid abandonment

Question 101

What is avoidant personality disorder?

Answer 101

Fear of ridicule leading to avoidance of social interaction ## Footnote Symptoms include feelings of inadequacy and reluctance to take risks

Question 102

Define dependent personality disorder.

Answer 102

Dependence on others to meet emotional and physical needs ## Footnote Symptoms include difficulty making decisions without advice

Question 103

What is obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?

Answer 103

Excessive need for orderliness and perfectionism ## Footnote Symptoms include rigidity and inability to delegate work

Question 104

What is intellectual development disorder?

Answer 104

Generalized neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired intellectual and adaptive functioning ## Footnote Affects about 2–3% of the population

Question 105

What are the criteria for diagnosing intellectual development disorder?

Answer 105

* Significant limitation in intellectual functioning * Limitations in adaptive behavior * Evidence of limitations in childhood or adolescence

Question 106

Define communication disorder.

Answer 106

Disorder affecting the ability to comprehend or apply language effectively ## Footnote Includes language and speech sound disorders

Question 107

What is autism spectrum disorder?

Answer 107

Neurodevelopmental disorder with deficits in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behavior patterns ## Footnote Affects 1 in 59 children, more common in boys

Question 108

What characterizes attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

Answer 108

Pattern of inattention and/or hyperactive and impulsive behavior ## Footnote Occurs in about 5% of children

Question 109

What are specific learning disorders?

Answer 109

Disorders where a person has difficulty learning in a typical manner within specific domains ## Footnote Includes dyslexia, dyscalculia, and dysgraphia

Question 110

Define conduct disorder.

Answer 110

Mental disorder in childhood/adolescence with persistent behavior violating rights of others or norms ## Footnote Symptoms include aggression and deceitfulness

Question 111

What are symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder?

Answer 111

* Frequent loss of temper * Anger and resentfulness * Defying authority figures * Blaming others for mistakes

Question 112

What are motor disorders?

Answer 112

Malfunctions of the nervous system causing involuntary movements ## Footnote Includes developmental coordination disorder

Question 113

What are common symptoms of Oppositional Defiant Disorder in children and adolescents?

Answer 113

* Frequent loss of temper * Touchiness or being easily annoyed * Anger and resentfulness * Arguing with authority figures * Defying or refusing to comply with requests * Deliberately annoying others * Blaming others for their mistakes * Being spiteful or vindictive at least twice in the past 6 months ## Footnote Symptoms indicate behavioral patterns that may require clinical attention.

Question 114

What are motor disorders?

Answer 114

Malfunctions of the nervous system that cause involuntary or uncontrollable movements or actions of the body ## Footnote Includes conditions like developmental coordination disorder and Tourette's syndrome.

Question 115

Define Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD).

Answer 115

A chronic neurological disorder beginning in childhood ## Footnote DCD affects a child's ability to perform coordinated movements.

Question 116

What characterizes Tourette's syndrome?

Answer 116

Multiple movement (motor) tics and at least one vocal (phonic) tic ## Footnote Tourette's syndrome typically begins in childhood or adolescence.

Question 117

What is Persistent Tic Disorder?

Answer 117

* One or more motor tics or vocal tics * Tics occur many times a day nearly every day or on and off for more than a year * Symptoms start before age 18 * Not due to medication or a medical condition * Not diagnosed with Tourette's syndrome ## Footnote This disorder focuses on the chronicity and frequency of tics.

Question 118

What is Enuresis?

Answer 118

Voiding of urine into bed or clothing in children who are at least five years old ## Footnote Diagnostic criteria include repeated voiding and significant distress or impairment.

Question 119

What defines Encopresis?

Answer 119

Voluntary or involuntary voiding of the bowels in inappropriate places in children at least four years old ## Footnote Diagnostic criteria include repeated events and not due to a physiological effect.

Question 120

What is Delirium?

Answer 120

An organically caused decline from a previous baseline mental functioning that develops over a short period of time ## Footnote Can include psychomotor disturbances and perceptual disturbances.

Question 121

List the most important predisposing factors for Delirium.

Answer 121

* Older age (> 65 years) * Male sex * Cognitive impairment/dementia * Physical comorbidity * Psychiatric comorbidity * Sensory impairment * Functional dependence * Dehydration/malnutrition * Drugs and drug-dependence * Alcohol dependence ## Footnote These factors increase the vulnerability to developing delirium.

Question 122

What is the most common cause of neurocognitive disorder?

Answer 122

Alzheimer's disease (AD) ## Footnote AD accounts for 60-70% of neurocognitive disorder cases.

Question 123

What are the hallmark features of Alzheimer's disease?

Answer 123

* Progressive memory loss * Problems with thinking and behavior * Symptoms worsen over time * Associated with plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain ## Footnote Alzheimer's is a leading cause of death in the U.S.

Question 124

What are Lewy bodies?

Answer 124

Abnormal aggregations of protein that develop inside nerve cells ## Footnote They contribute to Parkinson's disease and Lewy body dementias.

Question 125

Core diagnostic features of Dementia with Lewy Bodies include?

Answer 125

* Fluctuating cognition * Recurrent visual hallucinations * Spontaneous features of parkinsonism ## Footnote These features help differentiate it from other types of dementia.

Question 126

What are the early symptoms of Parkinson's disease?

Answer 126

* Shaking * Rigidity * Slowness of movement * Difficulty with walking and gait ## Footnote Dementia may occur in advanced stages.

Question 127

What is Vascular Neurocognitive Disorder?

Answer 127

Dementia caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain, typically due to minor strokes ## Footnote Symptoms progress stepwise following cerebrovascular events.

Question 128

What characterizes Prion Disease Neurocognitive Disorder?

Answer 128

Caused by infectious agents leading to abnormal protein accumulations in the brain ## Footnote Includes diseases like Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) and variant CJD.

Question 129

What is Huntington's disease?

Answer 129

An inherited disorder causing brain cell death in areas of the brain controlling voluntary movement ## Footnote Symptoms may include mood instability and compulsive behaviors.

Question 130

What are the essential features of AIDS dementia complex (ADC)?

Answer 130

* Disabling cognitive impairment * Accompanied by motor dysfunction, speech problems, and behavioral change ## Footnote Cognitive impairment includes mental slowness and trouble with memory.

Question 131

What is diagnosed as neurocognitive disorder due to TBI?

Answer 131

Persistent cognitive impairment observed immediately following a head injury ## Footnote Symptoms include loss of consciousness and neurological signs.