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Psychology > Abnormal Psychology > Flashcards

Abnormal Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Study of nature, symptomatology, development, and treatment of psychological disorders.

A

Psychopathology

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2
Q

Challenges to the study of Psychopathology

A

Maintaining objectivity
Avoiding preconceived notions
Reducing stigma

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3
Q

Key Characteristics in the DSM Definition of Mental Disorder

A

Personal Distress
Disability
Violation of Social Norms
Dysfunction

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4
Q

Breakdown in cognitive, emotional or behavioral functioning

A

Psychological Dysfunction

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5
Q

The internal mechanism is unable to perform its usual functioning

A

Psychological Dysfunction

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6
Q

A person’s behavior may be classified as disordered if it causes him or her great distress.

A

Personal Distress

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7
Q

Impairment in some important areas of life, characterize mental disorder.

A

Disability

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8
Q

Impaired is set in what context?

A

A person’s background.

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9
Q

Reaction is outside cultural norms, considered abnormal as it occurs infrequently and deviates from average.

A

Violation of Social Norms

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10
Q

A widely accepted system that is used to classify psychological problems and disorders.

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)

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11
Q

The diagnostic criteria for behaviors that can be found in the DSM

A

Fit a pattern
Cause dysfunction or subjective distress
Are present for specified duration
And for behaviors that are not otherwise explainable.

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12
Q

A syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation and behavior that reflects dysfunction in the psychological, biological or developmental processes underlying mental functioning.

A

Mental Disorder

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13
Q

Social deviant behavior and conflicts that are primarily between the individual and society are not mental disorders unless deviance or conflict results from what? (American Psychiatric Association, 2013)

A

Dysfunction in the individual

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14
Q

Ph.D.’s

A

Clinical and counseling psychologist

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15
Q

Psy.D.’s

A

Clinical and counseling “Doctors of Psychology”

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16
Q

RPsy’s

A

Registered Psychologists

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17
Q

M.D.’s

A

Psychiatrists

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18
Q

M.S.W.’s

A

Psychiatric and non-psychiatric social workers

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19
Q

MN/MSN’s

A

Psychiatric Nurses

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20
Q

What are the included descriptions of mental health professionals in the Dimension of the Scentist-Practitioner Model?

A

Consumer of Science, Evaluator of Science, Creator of Science

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21
Q

Clinical Description: What is the presenting problem of the client?

A

Presents

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22
Q

Clinical Description: How many people in the population as a whole have the disorder?

A

Prevalence

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23
Q

Clinical Description: How many new cases occur during a given period, such as a year?

A

Incidence

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24
Q

Clinical Description: How’s the beginning of the disorder?

A

Onset

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25
Q

Clinical Description: Disorder begins suddenly

A

Acute onset

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26
Q

Clinical Description: Disorder develops gradually

A

Insidious Onset

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27
Q

Clinical Description: Disorders follow a somewhat individual pattern

A

Course

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28
Q

Clinical Description: Disorders tend to last a long time.

A

Chronic Course

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29
Q

Clinical Description: Disorders likely to recover and to suffer a recurrence

A

Episodic course

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30
Q

Clinical Description: Disorders will improve without treatment in a relatively short period

A

Time-limited course

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31
Q

Clinical Description: What contributes to the development of psychopathology?

A

Etiology

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32
Q

Clinical Description: How can we help to alleviate psychological suffering?
Includes pharmacologic, psychosocial and/or combined.

A

Treatment Development

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33
Q

Clinical Description: The anticipated course of a disorder (good or guarded)

A

Prognosis

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34
Q

Clinical Description: How do we know that we have helped? Limited in specifying actual causes of disorders.

A

Treatment Outcome Research

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35
Q

The doctrine that an evil being or spirit can dwell within a person and control his or her mind and body thereby can be treated by Exorcism.

A

Demonology

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36
Q

The ritualistic casting out of evil spirits.

A

Exorcism

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37
Q

Cutting holes to the skull in the belief that evil spirits may come out.

A

Trephination

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38
Q

Patients were shocked back to their senses by being submerged in ice-cold water.

A

Hydrotherapy

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39
Q

According to him, mental disturbances have natural (not supernatural) causes. (5th century BC)

A

Hippocrates

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40
Q

4 humors according to Hippocrates

A

Blood, Black bile, Yellow bile & Phlegm
Sanguine, Melancholia, Choleric & Phlegmatic

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41
Q

3 Categories of Mental disturbance according to Hippocrates

A

Mania, Melancholia & Phrenitis

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42
Q

The age when church gained influence, and the papacy was declared independent of the state.

A

Dark Ages

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43
Q

They replaced physicians as healers and as authorities in mental disorder in the Dark Ages.

A

Christian Monasteries

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44
Q

They cared and prayed for mentally ill and used concocted potions during the dark ages

A

Monks

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45
Q

When did the persecution of the witches begin?

A

13th century

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46
Q

It was viewed as instigated by Satan, and was seen as heresy and a denial of God.

A

Witchcraft

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47
Q

Historians concluded many of the accused of __ were mentally ill and were punished by torture.

A

Witchcraft

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48
Q

Municipal authorities assumed responsibility for the care of mentally ill during the 13th century in England.

A

Lunacy Trials

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49
Q

__ was held to determine sanity and we’re conducted under the Crowns right to protect the people with mental illness.

A

Trials

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50
Q

Attributes insanity to misalignment of moon and stars.

A

Lunacy

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51
Q

The defendant’s ______ were at issue in the lunacy trial.

A

Orientation, memory, Intellect, daily life and habits

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52
Q

Characterized by large-scale outbreaks of bizarre behavior.

A

Mass Hysteria

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53
Q

In __, whole groups of people were simultaneously compelled to run out in the streets, dance, shout, rave and jump around in patterns as if they were at a particularly wild party late at night but without music.

A

Europe

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54
Q

Rave was known by several names, including what?

A

Saint Vitus’s Dance and Tarantism.

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55
Q

Characterized as a time of extreme cultural and scientific growth and a decline of religious influence.

A

Renaissance and the Rise of Asylums

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56
Q

First physician to specialize in illnesses of mind.

A

Johann Weyer

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57
Q

First religious mental health facility

A

Gheel Belgium

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58
Q

First medical mental Asylum

A

Bethlehem Hospital, Spain.

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59
Q

Establishment for the confinement and care of mentally ill.

A

Asylum

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60
Q

One of the first mental institutions that eventually became one of London’s great tourist attractions; origin of the term bedlam.

A

St. Mary of Bethlehem (1243)

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61
Q

He recommended drawing copious amounts of blood and believed that they could be cured by being frightened.

A

Benjamin Rush

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62
Q

They pioneered humanitarian treatment of LaBicetre

A

Philippe Pinel and Jean- Baptiste Pussin (18th-19th century)

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63
Q

He is said to have begun to treat the patients as sick human beings rather than as beasts. He also unchained the patients and allowed them to move freely about the hospital grounds.

A

Philippe Pinel

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64
Q

Small, privately funded, humanitarian mental hospitals.

A

Moral Treatment

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65
Q

Patients engaged in purposeful, calming activities and talked with attendants.

A

Moral Treatment

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66
Q

He founded the York retreat and brought similar reforms to Northern England.

A

William Tuke (1732-1819)

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67
Q

A rural estate where about 30 mental patients lived as guests in quiet country houses and were treated with a combination of rest, talk, prayer and manual work.

A

York Retreat

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68
Q

Crusader for prisoners and mentally ill. She urged improvement of institutions known as the Mental Hygiene Movement.

A

Dorothea Dix (1802-1887)

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69
Q

Implemented actions aimed at reducing the preconditions for mental illness by taking such social measures as the right upbringing, selection of decent work, adequate living and working conditions, and fast and accessible psychiatric services.

A

Mental Hygiene Movement

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70
Q

Dorothea Dix worked to establish how many new public hospitals?

A

32

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71
Q

He established the germ theory of disease, which set forth the view that disease is caused by infection of the body by minute organisms.

A

Louis Pasteur (1860s)

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72
Q

Degenerative disorder with psychological symptoms and individuals with Gp also have syphilis.

A

General Paresis

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73
Q

In 1905 occurred the discovery of microorganism that causes what?

A

Syphilis.

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74
Q

His work led to the notion that mental illness can be inherited, in the late 1800s.

A

Galton

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75
Q

Extent to which behavioral differences are due to genetics.

A

Behavioral Genetics

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76
Q

Promotion of enforced sterilization to eliminate undesirable characteristics from the population.

A

Eugenics

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77
Q

Many state laws (late 1800’s and early 1900s) prohibited __ and required mentally ill to be sterilized.

A

Marriage

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78
Q

By 1945, more than __ people with mental illness in the United States had been forcibly sterilized.

A

45,000

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79
Q

Inducing a coma with large dosages of insulin and who developed it.

A

Insulin-coma Therapy (Manfred Sakel, 1927)

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80
Q

Applying electric shocks that produce epileptic seizures to the sides of the human head and who developed it?

A

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) by Cerletti & Bini (1938)

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81
Q

A surgical procedure that destroys the tracts connecting the frontal lobes to other areas of the brain and who developed it?

A

Prefrontal lobotomy, Egas Moniz (1935)

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82
Q

Often led to listleness, apathy and lack of some cognitive abilities.

A

Prefrontal Lobotomy

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83
Q

He pioneered classification of mental illness based on biological causes and published 1st psychiatry text (1883)

A

Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926)

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84
Q

Emil Kraepelin: Mental illness as __ or cluster of symptoms that co-occur.

A

Syndrome

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85
Q

The 2 major syndromes proposed by Emil Kraepelin

A

Dementia Praecox
Manic-depressive psychosis

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86
Q

He treated patients with hysteria using “animal magnetism”

A

Mesmer (1734-1815)

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87
Q

Mesmer was an early practitioner of hypnosis called what?

A

Mesmerism

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88
Q

According to him, hysteric symptoms could be removed through hypnosis.

A

Jean Martin Charcot (1825-1893)

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89
Q

Hysteric symptoms, based on Jean Martin Charcot was a problem with __ and had __cause. He was persuaded by psychological explanations.

A

Nervous system, Biological Cause.

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90
Q

Used hypnosis to facilitate catharsis, the case of Anna O.

A

Josef Breuer (1842-1925)

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91
Q

Release of emotional tension triggered by reliving and talking about event.

A

Catharsis

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92
Q

In 1895, Breuer and Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), jointly published _, partly based on the case of Anna O.

A

Studies in Hysteria

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93
Q

It posits that human behavior is determined by unconscious forces and psychopathology results from conflicts among these unconscious forces.

A

Psychoanalytic theory

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94
Q

Give the overview of Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory.

A

Structure of Mind and Personality
Theory of Psychosexual Stages Development
Defense Mechanisms
Techniques of Psychoanalysis

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95
Q

She concentrated on the way in which the defensive reactions of the ego determine our behavior, Freud’s daughter.

A

Anna Freud (1895-1982)

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96
Q

Anna Freud was the first proponent of the modern field of ego psychology. What did she publish?

A

Ego and Mechanism of Defense (1946)

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97
Q

He focused on a theory of the formation of self-concept and the crucial attributes of the self that allows an individual to progress toward health or develop neurosis.

A

Heinz Kohut (1913-1981)

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98
Q

Psychoanalytic approach about the theory of the formation of self-concept and the crucial attributes of the self that allows an individual to progress toward health or develop neurosis.

A

Self- Psychology

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99
Q

He developed Analytical Psychology and broke with Freud in 1914. He also catalogued various personality characteristics.

A

Carl Jung (1875-1961)

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100
Q

In addition to the personal unconscious postulated by Freud, there is a collective unconscious.

A

Analytical Psychology

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101
Q

Regarded people as inextricably tied to their society because fulfillment was found in doing things for the social good.

A

Alfred Adler (1870-1937)

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102
Q

He focused on feelings of inferiority and the striving for superiority. He also created the term inferiority complex.

A

Alfred Adler (1870-1937)

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103
Q

They emphasized development over the life span and the influence of culture and society on personality.

A

Kareh Horney (1885-1952) and Erich Fromm (1900-1980)

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104
Q

He developed the theory of development across the life span or the Psychosocial Development

A

Erik Erikson (1902-1994)

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105
Q

A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus is paired with a response until it elicits that response.

A

Classical Conditioning

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106
Q

Whose experiment was Classical conditioning in 1897?

A

Ivan Pavlov

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107
Q

Elements of Learning in Classical Conditioning

A

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Conditioned “ (CS)
Unconditioned Response (UR)
Conditioned Response (CR)

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108
Q

Developer of Behaviorism, revolutionized psychology in 1913.

A

John Watson

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109
Q

Strongly influenced by the work of Pavlov. Emphasis on learning rather than innate tendencies, it focuses on observable behavior.

A

Behaviorism

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110
Q

John Watson and Rosalie Rayner experimented on __ (1920)

A

Rosalie Rayner

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111
Q

She was one of the first psychologists to use behavioral techniques to free a patient from phobia.

A

Mary Cover Jones (1896-1987)

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112
Q

Individuals were gradually introduced to the objects or situations they feared so that their fear could extinguish.

A

Case of Little Peter

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113
Q

His best known technique was termed systematic desensitization.

A

Joseph Wolpe (1915-1997)

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114
Q

It was similar to the treatment of little Peter, with the addition of another element, by having the patients do something that was incompatible with fear while they were in the presence of the dreaded object or situation.

A

Systematic Desensitization

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115
Q

His theory was about Learning through consequences or Law of Effect.

A

Edward Thorndike (1874-1949)

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116
Q

Behaviors followed by pleasant stimuli are strengthened.

A

Positive Reinforcement

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117
Q

Behaviors that terminate a negative stimulus are strengthened.

A

Negative Reinforcement

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118
Q

He was behind the Principle of Reinforcement.

A

Burrhus Frederic Skinner (B.F.) (1904-1990)

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119
Q

Learning by imitating other’s behavior, can occur without reinforcement.

A

Modeling

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120
Q

They proved that modeling reduced children’s fear of dogs.

A

Bandura & Menlove (1968)

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121
Q

Self-actualizing was the watchword for this movement. The underlying assumption is that all of us could reach our highest potential, in all areas of functioning, if only we had the freedom to grow.

A

Humanistic Theory

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122
Q

What conditions may move you away from your true self according to Humanistic Theory?

A

Difficult living conditions
Stressful life/experiences

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123
Q

He was the most systematic in describing the structure of personality.

A

Abraham Maslow

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124
Q

What did Abraham Maslow postulate?

A

Hierarchy of Needs

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125
Q

Originated client-centered therapy.

A

Carl Rogers (1902-1987)

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126
Q

The therapist takes a passive role, making as few interpretations as possible.

A

Client-Centered/ Person-centered Therapy

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127
Q

Developed a cognitive therapy for depression based on the idea that depressed mood is caused by distortions in the way people perceive life experiences.

A

Aaron Beck (1921-present)

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128
Q

Principal thesis was that sustained emotional reactions are caused by internal sentences that people repeat to themselves (self-statements).

A

Albert Ellis (1913-2007)

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129
Q

It reflects sometimes unspoken assumptions- irrational beliefs according to Albert Ellis.

A

Self statements

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130
Q

Albert Ellis developed __ therapy in 1993.

A

Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

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131
Q

The perspectives used to explain events in science are called __.

A

Models/Paradigms

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132
Q

This paradigm shows how behavior, abnormal behavior and psychopathology are being influenced by the interaction of the genes and the environment.

A

The Genetic-Environment Paradigm

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133
Q

Many recent studies suggest that __ is an important predisposing causal factor for a number of different disorders- such as depression, schizophrenia and alcoholism.

A

Heredity

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134
Q

Relatives of patients with schizophrenia are at increased risk, and the risk increases as the genetic relationship between proband and relative becomes __.

A

Closer

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135
Q

Genetic influences rarely express themselves in a __ manner.

A

Simple & Straightforward

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136
Q

__, unlike some physical characteristics is not determined exclusively by genetic endowment.

A

Behavior

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137
Q

It means that a given person’s sensitivity or reaction to an environmental event is influenced by genes.

A

Gene-environment interaction

138
Q

___ found that individuals who had either short-short allele or & Short-long allele combinations of the 5-HTT gene and were maltreated as children are more likely to have depression.

A

Caspi et al., 2003

139
Q

5-HTT

A

Serotonin Transporter Gene

140
Q

Whose more likely to have depression as adults?
Same gene combination w/o childhood maltreatment vs Maltreated as children w/ long-long allele vs short short/short long allele combinations of the 5-HTT gene w/ maltreatment as children

A

short short/short long allele combinations of the 5-HTT gene w/ maltreatment as children

141
Q

Examines the contribution of brain structure and function to psychopathology.

A

Neuroscience

142
Q

Chemicals that allow neurons to send a signal across the synapse to another neuron.

A

Neurotransmitter

143
Q

Receptor sites on postsynaptic neurons that absorb neurotransmitters.

A

Excitatory
Inhibitory

144
Q

Reabsorption of leftover neurotransmitter by presynaptic neurons.

A

Reuptake

145
Q

Neurotransmitter that enables muscle action, learning and memory and deteriorates with Alzheimer’s disease.

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

146
Q

Neurotransmitter that influences movement, learning, attention and emotion.

A

Dopamine

147
Q

Oversupply of dopamine linked to __, while undersupply linked to __ and decreased __ in Parkinson’s disease.

A

Schizophrenia
Tremors
Mobility

148
Q

Neurotransmitter that affects mood, hunger, sleep and arousal. It’s undersupply linked to depression.

A

Serotonin

149
Q

Neurotransmitter that helps control alertness and arousal. Its undersupply can depress mood.

A

Norepinephrine

150
Q

A major inhibitory neurotransmitter. Its undersupply linked to seizures, tremors and insomnia.

A

GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid)

151
Q

A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory.

A

Glutamate

152
Q

Oversupply of glutamate can overstimulate brain producing __ (which is why some people avoid MSG , monosodium glutamate in food).

A

Migraines or seizures

153
Q

Part of hindbrain that plays a role in vital life-support functions such as heart rate, respiration and blood pressure.

A

Medulla oblongata

154
Q

It helps coordinate movements as it relays sensory information between the cerebellum and higher regions of the brain.

A

Pons

155
Q

It is responsible for the coordination of voluntary motor activities, balance and posture, learning of habits and skills, and regulates tongue and jaw.

A

Cerebellum

156
Q

It contains tectum, tegmentum and substantia nigra that coordinate movement with sensory input.

A

Midbrain

157
Q

Midbrain also contains parts of the _, which contributes to the processes of arousal and tension, such as whether we are awake or sleep.

A

Reticular Activating System

158
Q

It relays sensory information (except smell) to the higher regions of the brain.

A

Thalamus

159
Q

It plays a key role in many vital bodily functions, including regulation of body temperature, concentration of fluids in the blood and reproductive processes as well as emotional and motivational state.

A

Hypothalamus

160
Q

Connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain.

A

Corpus Callosum

161
Q

Part of the forebrain that plays important roles in emotional processing and memory.

A

Limbic System

162
Q

Responsible for the response and memory of emotions, especially fear.

A

Amygdala

163
Q

Responsible for the process of long term memory and emotional responses.

A

Hippocampus

164
Q

One of the reward centers of the brain that can be found in the forebrain.

A

Nucleus Accumbents

165
Q

Outermost layer of the brain. Responsible for thinking and processing information from the five senses.

A

Cerebral Cortex

166
Q

Responsible for control of the left side of the body; more responsive in emotions.

A

Right Hemisphere

167
Q

Responsible for control of the right side of the body.

A

Left hemisphere

168
Q

A lobe of the cerebral cortex that is involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments.

A

Frontal Lobe

169
Q

The lobe that is a receipt of sensations of touch, pressure, pain, temperature and body position.

A

Parietal Lobe

170
Q

The lobe that includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear.

A

Temporal Lobe

171
Q

The lobe that integrates and makes sense of various visual inputs.

A

Occipital

172
Q

A network of neurons connecting the brain to our sense organs- our eyes, ears and so on- as well as our glands and muscles.

A

Peripheral Nervous System

173
Q

Transmit messages from our sensory organs to the brain for processing, leading to the experience of visual, auditory, tactile and other sensations.

A

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

174
Q

Regulates the glands and involuntary processes

A

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

175
Q

Excitatory; Causes heartbeat acceleration, raises blood pressure, pupil dilation, gastrointestinal inhibition, electrodermal activity increases.

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

176
Q

Conserves energy; Heartbeat deceleration, pupil constriction, gastrointestinal activation. Involved in anxiety related disorders.

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

177
Q

HPA axis is central to the body’s response to stress and stress figures prominently in many of the disorders.

A

Neuroendocrine System

178
Q

Secretes cortisol and other hormones that elevate blood sugar and increase the metabolic rate throughout the body.

A

Adrenal Cortex

179
Q

__ drugs alter neurotransmitter activity.

A

Psychoactive Drugs

180
Q

Abnormal symptoms are viewed in psychodynamic model as the result of __.

A

Conflicts between psychological forces/ Intrapsychic conflicts

181
Q

Psychodynamic theories rest on the __ assumption that no symptom of behavior is accidental.

A

Deterministic assumption

182
Q

Psychodynamic model was first formulated by a Viennese neurologist who later developed the theory of psychoanalysis.

A

Sigmund Freud

183
Q

Based on psychodynamic theory, the depths of the unconscious are the hurtful memories, forbidden desires and other experiences that have been __ or pushed out of consciousness.

A

Repressed

184
Q

Until repressed unconscious material is brought to awareness and integrated into the conscious part of the mind, it may lead to __ behavior.

A

Irrational/ Maladaptive

185
Q

It is the part of the mind that corresponds to our present awareness.

A

Conscious

186
Q

Are memories that are not in awareness but that can be brought into awareness by focusing on them.

A

Preconscious

187
Q

The largest part of the mind, remains shrouded in mystery.

A

Unconscious

188
Q

The repository of our basic biological impulses or drives, primarily sexual and aggressive.

A

Instincts

189
Q

It operates completely in the unconscious, following the pleasure principle. It demands instant gratification of instincts without consideration of social rules or customs or the needs of others.

A

Id

190
Q

It develops during the first year to organize reasonable ways of coping with frustration. Standing for “reason and good sense”, seeking to curb the demands of the id and to direct behavior in keeping with social customs.

A

Ego

191
Q

It develops from the internalization of the moral standards and values of our parents and other key people in our lives.

A

Superego

192
Q

The stage in Psychosexual development where the primary satisfaction from sucking and chewing, from birth to 18 months.

A

Oral Stage

193
Q

The stage in Psychosexual development where pleasure is derived from elimination, occurring from 18 months to 3 years old.

A

Anal Stage

194
Q

The stage in Psychosexual development where pleasure is derived from sexual organs, from 3-6 years old.

A

Phallic Stage

195
Q

The stage in Psychosexual development where sexual impulse is not a factor by a 6-12 years old.

A

Latency Period

196
Q

The stage in Psychosexual development where heterosexual interests predominate in adulthood.

A

Genital Stage

197
Q

He believes that an understanding of human behavior must incorporate self-awareness and self-direction to achieve self realization.

A

Carl Jung

198
Q

Carl Jung believed that not only do we have a personal unconscious, a repository of repressed memories and impulses, but we also inherit a __ which is a repository of certain archetypal images that are being passed from generation to generation.

A

Collective unconscious

199
Q

Carl Jung catalogued personality traits into different __?

A

Dimensions

200
Q

According to Alfred Adler, people are basically driven by what?

A

Inferiority

201
Q

What are the basis of feelings of inferiority, based on Alfred Adler?

A

Physical deficits and the resulting need to compensate for them.

202
Q

Feelings of inferiority lead to a powerful drive for what?

A

Superiority

203
Q

In a healthy personality, strivings for dominance are tempered by what?

A

Devotion to helping other people.

204
Q

Another central element in Adler’s work is helping patients change their __.

A

Illogical/Mistaken Ideas/Expectations

205
Q

According to her, children who harbor deep-seated resentment toward their parents may develop basic hostility.

A

Karen Horney

206
Q

Basic hostility was due to what?

A

Harsh and uncaring parenting but may be repressed.

207
Q

A feeling of being isolated and helpless in a potentially hostile world, which may develop once basic hostility was repressed.

A

Basic Anxiety

208
Q

Hornet’s neurotic trends may today be conceived as what?

A

Personality Disorders.

209
Q

Horney’ Theory and Personality Disorders
Cluster A-
Cluster B-
Cluster C-

A

Detached
Aggressive
Compliant

210
Q

He focused on psychosocial development and attributed more importance to social relationships and formation of personal identity than to unconscious processes.

A

Erik Erikson

211
Q

Focuses on how children come to develop symbolic representations of important others in their lives, especially their parents.

A

Object Relations Theory

212
Q

According to her, we introject or incorporate into our own personalities parts of parental figures in our lives and come to influence our perceptions and behaviors.

A

Margareth Mahler

213
Q

From the theory of object relations, we experience __ as the attitudes of interjected people battle with our own.

A

Internal conflict

214
Q

The essence of this theory is that the type or style of an infant’s attachment to his or her caregiver can set the stage for psychological health or problems later in life.

A

Attachment Theory

215
Q

The ego is strong enough to control the instincts of __ and to withstand the condemnation of the __.

A

Id; superego

216
Q

Freud equated psychological health with what?

A

Abilities to love and to work.

217
Q

According to Adler, psychological health involves efforts to compensate for feelings of inferiority by __ to achieve normality.

A

Striving to excel in one or more of the arenas of human endeavors.

218
Q

According to Mahler, how can a person develop as individuals- as their own persons?

A

Ability to separate one’s own ideas and feelings from those of the introjected objects.

219
Q

This happens when the balance among psychic structures is lopsided.

A

Abnormality

220
Q

What may be the result when the urges of the id spill forth, untempered by an ego that is either weakened or underdeveloped?

A

Psychosis (Loss of touch with reality)

221
Q

What happens when some unconscious impulses leak?

A

Anxiety or psychological disorders

222
Q

Underlying conflicts that give rise to the psychological disorders originate in __ and are buried in the depths of the unconscious.

A

Childhood.

223
Q

Freud placed too much emphasis on __ impulses and underemphasized __.

A

Sexual and aggressive impulses
Social relationship

224
Q

Focuses on the role of learning in explaining both normal and abnormal behavior.

A

The Learning-Based Models

225
Q

Abnormal behavior represents the acquisition or learning of __.

A

Inappropriate/Maladaptive behaviors

226
Q

Behaviorists focus on the roles of two forms of learning in shaping both normal and abnormal behavior, which are:

A

Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning

227
Q

It is based on Pavlov’s salivary Conditioning experiment.

A

Classical Conditioning

228
Q

Phobias or excessive fears may be acquired by __.

A

Classical conditioning

229
Q

According to this, responses are acquired and strengthened by their consequences.

A

Operant Conditioning

230
Q

Behaviors that occur again after rewarding consequences, overtime become __.

A

Habits

231
Q

Changes in the environment (stimuli) that increase the frequency of the preceding behavior.

A

Reinforcers

232
Q

Commonly called rewards, boost the frequency of a behavior when they are introduced or presented.

A

Positive Reinforcers

233
Q

Removal of a reinforcing stimulus to decrease the frequency of behavior when they are removed.

A

Negative reinforcers

234
Q

Aversive stimuli that decrease the frequency of the behavior they follow.

A

Punishment

235
Q

Presenting the aversive stimulus to decrease the frequency of the behavior they follow.

A

Positive Punishment

236
Q

Removal of a reinforcing stimulus to decrease the frequency of the behavior.

A

Negative Punishment

237
Q

Expanded traditional learning theory by including roles for thinking or cognition and learning by observation called modeling.

A

Social-Cognitive Theory

238
Q

Social cognitive theorists argue that factor within the person, such as __, __ and __ also need to be considered in explaining human behavior.

A

Expectancies, Values places on particular goals and observational learning.

239
Q

Normality from __ perspective involves responding adaptively to stimuli, including conditioned stimuli.

A

Learning Perspective

240
Q

Behaviorism alone can explain the richness of human behavior and human experience can be reduced to observable responses. True or False?

A

False.

241
Q

Behaviorism does not seem to address much of what it means to be human. True or False?

A

True.

242
Q

Social cognitive theory places too little emphasis on what contribution to behavior?

A

Genetic contribution

243
Q

Models that emphasize the personal freedom human beings have in making conscious choices that imbue their lives with a sense of meaning and purpose.

A

Humanistic models

244
Q

Two principal figured in humanistic psychology, believed that people have an inborn tendency toward self-actualization-to strive to become all they are capable of being.

A

Carl Rogers (1902-1987) and Abraham Maslow (1908-1970

245
Q

Rogers held that abnormal behavior results from what?

A

Distorted concept of the self.

246
Q

Parents can help children develop a positive self concept by showing them _.

A

Unconditional Positive Regard

247
Q

Children will learn to disown their thoughts and feelings and behaviors their parents have rejected when parents show children __.

A

Conditional Positive Regard

248
Q

Thinking of themselves as worthwhile only if they behave in certain approved ways.

A

Conditions of Worth

249
Q

Pathway to self-actualization from a humanistic view:

A

Self discovery & self-acceptance
Getting in touch with true feelings, accepting them as own
Acting in ways that genuinely reflect true feelings.

250
Q

Primary strength and also primary weakness of humanistic models.

A

Conscious experience

251
Q

Study the cognitions- thoughts, beliefs, expectations and attitudes- that accompany and may underlie abnormal behavior.

A

Cognitive Models

252
Q

Theorists that focus on how reality is colored by our expectations, attitudes and so forth and how inaccurate or biased processing of information about the world and our place within it can give rise to abnormal behavior.

A

Cognitive theorists

253
Q

Information about the world is input through the person’s sensory and perceptual processes, manipulated, stored, retrieved and then output in the form of acting upon the information.

A

Information-Processing Models

254
Q

Psychological disorders may represent __ in how information is processed.

A

Disruption/Disturbances

255
Q

Manipulation of information may also be distorted by what cognitive therapists call __.

A

Cognitive Distortions or Errors in Thinking

256
Q

Believed that troubling events in themselves do not lead to anxiety, depression or disturbed behavior but distorted or irrational thinking patterns lead to emotional problems and maladaptive behavior.

A

Albert Ellis

257
Q

What approach did Ellis use to explain the causes of misery?

A

ABC Approach (Activating Event- Belief- Consequences)

258
Q

What model of therapy did Ellis develop to help people dispute irrational beliefs and substitute more rational ones?

A

Rational-emotive behavior Therapy

259
Q

Aaron Beck proposed that depression may result from what?

A

Errors in Thinking or “Cognitive Distortions”

260
Q

What major model of therapy did Beck developed, which focuses on helping individuals with psychological disorder identify and correct faulty ways of thinking?

A

Cognitive Therapy

261
Q

What are the 4 basic types of cognitive distortions according to Aaron Beck?

A

Selective Abstraction
Overgeneralization
Magnification
Absolutist thinking

262
Q

People may focus exclusively on the parts of their experiences that reveal their flaws and ignore evidence of their competencies.

A

Selective Abstraction

263
Q

People may overgeneralize from a few isolated experiences.

A

Overgeneralization

264
Q

People may blow out of proportion or magnify the importance of unfortunate events.

A

Magnification

265
Q

Seeing the world in black and white terms, rather than in shades of gray.

A

Absolutist thinking

266
Q

What is the major issue concerning cognitive perspective?

A

Their range of applicability

267
Q

Cognitive models have more impact on the development of treatment approaches of more severe forms of disturbed behavior. True or False?

A

False- less impact

268
Q

Seek causes of abnormal behavior in the failures of society rather than in the person.

A

The Sociocultural Perspective (SCP)

269
Q

According to him, “abnormal” is merely a label society attaches to people whose behavior deviates from accepted social norms.

A

Thomas Szasz (1961, 2000)

270
Q

Holds that people from lower socioeconomic groups are at greater risk of severe behavior problems because living in poverty subjects them to a greater level of social stress than that faced by more well-to-do people.

A

Social Causation Model

271
Q

Suggests that problem behaviors, such as alcoholism, lead people to drift downward in social status.

A

Downward Drift Hypothesis

272
Q

Sociocultural theorists have focused much needed attention to the __ only that can lead to abnormal behavior.

A

Social stressors

273
Q

It examines contributions of multiple factors spanning biological, psychological and sociocultural domains, as well as their interactions in the development of psychological disorders.

A

The Biopsychosocial Perspective

274
Q

Posits that psychological disorders arise from an interaction of vulnerability factors (primarily biological in nature) and stressful life experiences.

A

Diathesis-Stress Model

275
Q

Underlying predisposition, may be biological or psychological. Increases one’s risk of developing disorder

A

Diathesis

276
Q

Environmental events; May occur at any point after conception; triggering event.

A

Stress

277
Q

The strength as well as the greatest weakness of biopsychosocial perspective.

A

Very complexity

278
Q

Commonly referred to as “talk therapy”, a structured form of treatment based on a psychological framework and comprising one of more verbal interchanges between a client and a therapist.

A

Psychotherapy

279
Q

The type of therapy developed by Sigmund Freud with a goal of gaining insight and resolving unconscious psychological conflicts.

A

Classical Psychoanalysis

280
Q

What are the major techniques and approach used in Classical psychoanalysis ?

A

Approach: Passive, Interpretative
Techniques: Free association, dream analysis, interpretations

281
Q

This therapy is briefer and focuses on developing insight but with greater emphasis on ego functioning, current interpersonal relationships and adaptive behavior than traditional analysis.

A

Modern Psychodynamic Approaches

282
Q

Modern Psychodynamic Approaches’s techniques include direct analysis of clients defenses and transference relationships, therefore the therapist approach is:

A

More direct probing of clients defenses; more back and forth discussion.

283
Q

This type of psychotherapy ain to directly change the problem behavior through the use of learning based techniques.

A

Behavior Therapy

284
Q

What are the major techniques and approaches in behavior therapy?

A

Systematic desensitization, gradual exposure, modeling, reinforcement techniques

Directive, active problem solving.

285
Q

This type of therapy is about self acceptance and personal growth by Carl Rogers.

A

Humanistic, client centered therapy

286
Q

The techniques used in humanistic, client centered therapy include the use of reflection, creation of a warm, accepting therapeutic relationship. Therefore the approach would be:

A

Nondirective, allowing clients to take the lead.

287
Q

In order to replace irrational beliefs with rational alternative beliefs, making adaptive behavioral changes, what are the major techniques and approaches to be used in Ellis’ rational emotive behavior therapy?

A

Identifying and challenging irrational beliefs, behavioral homework assignments.

Direct, sometimes confrontational challenging of clients irrational beliefs.

288
Q

By collaboratively engaging clients in the process of logically examining thoughts to identify and correct distorted/ self defeating thoughts and beliefs, behavioral framework including reality testing, Aaron Beck made what kind of therapy?

A

Beck’s cognitive therapy

289
Q

Various figures combined cognitive and behavioral techniques to change maladaptive behavior and cognition in a direct, active problem solving approach. What is this therapy?

A

Cognitive- behavioral therapy

290
Q

What are the types of psychotherapies that require a relatively brief length of treatments, typically lasting 10-20 sessions?

A

Behavior Therapy, Ellis rational emotive behavior therapy, Beck’s cognitive therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy

291
Q

Which type of therapy is lengthy, typically lasting several years?

A

Classical Psychoanalysis

292
Q

How long is the treatment for Modern Psychodynamic approaches and humanistic, client centered therapy?

A

Briefer than traditional psychoanalysis.

293
Q

What defines abnormality?

A

Personal Distress
Deviance from cultural norms
Statistical infrequency
Impaired social functioning

294
Q

Disorder of a harmful dysfunction

A

Harmful Dysfunction theory

295
Q

Value term based on social norms

A

Harmful

296
Q

Failure of mental mechanism to perform a function naturally?

A

Dysfunction

297
Q

Who defines abnormality?

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

298
Q

How does DSM define mental disorder?

A

Clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotion regulation and behavior.

299
Q

Presence or absence of a diagnostic label strongly impacts what? (Importance for Professional)

A

Attention it receives from clinical psychologist

300
Q

Absence of label means no _ for clients.

A

Diagnosis

301
Q

Label could lead to _ of individuals and have an effect on outcome of _.

A

Stereotyping
Legal issues

302
Q

Before the DSM, discussions of abnormal behavior appear in what types of texts?

A

Ancient Chinese, Hebrew, Egyptian, Greek and Roman texts

303
Q

His theories of abnormality emphasized natural causes.

A

Hippocrates

304
Q

It was established in Europe and U.S in the 19th century.

A

Mental Asylums

305
Q

He proposed specific categories such as melancholia, mania and dementia.

A

Philippe Pinel

306
Q

Founding father of the current diagnostic system.

A

Emil Kraepelin

307
Q

Mid-1900s, they developed their own early categorization system to facilitate diagnosis and treatment of soldiers returning from World War II.

A

Veteran Affairs

308
Q

DSM-I was published by __ in 1952

A

APA

309
Q

Revision of DSM I is published as DSM II in what year?

A

1968

310
Q

What are the only 3 categories in DSM I & II?

A

Psychoses
Neuroses
Character Disorders

311
Q

DSM I and II definitions of disorders are not scientifically or empirically based, instead they represent what?

A

The accumulated clinical wisdom of senior academic psychiatrists who staffed the DSM task forces.

312
Q

What approach was reflected in the language of DSM I & II?

A

Psychoanalytic approach

313
Q

Vague descriptions of clinical conditions in DSM I & II were described in what?

A

Prose

314
Q

DSM- III relied on what kind of data?

A

Empirical

315
Q

What kind of terminology in DSM III replaced the DSM I & II?

A

Terminology that reflected no single school of thought

316
Q

In what year was DSM III published?

A

1980

317
Q

What is the assessment system in DSM III?

A

Multiaxial assessment system

318
Q

What are the other revised editions of DSM that retained major changes introduced in DSM III while introducing significant other changes?

A

DSM III-R, DSM IV, DSM IV-TR

319
Q

What year was DSM- 5 published?

A

2013

320
Q

What edition of DSM was the first substantial revision after 20 years?

A

DSM-5: The Current Edition

321
Q

Who led the DSM-5 edition?

A

David Kupfer and Darrel Regier

322
Q

About how many years was the research ongoing to publish DSM 5?

A

12 years

323
Q

To whom did the Task force of DSM 5 coordinate with?

A

WHO

324
Q

What is the website that allows to communicate the progress of DSM 5 to the public?

A

dsm5.org

325
Q

What are some of the disorders that were considered but not made in the DSM-5?

A

Attenuated psychosis syndrome
Mixed anxiety-depressive disorder
Internet gaming disorder

326
Q

Why is the current edition of DSM entitled DSM 5?

A

To enable more frequent minor updates.

327
Q

What was the assessment system that has been dropped by DSM 5?

A

Multiaxial assessment system

328
Q

What diagnostic tool and rating are considered but not made in DSM 5?

A

Biological markers- diagnostic tool
Scale- rating

329
Q

What was supposedly the approach to DSM-5 but was not made?

A

Dimensional approach

330
Q

What are the newly added disorders in the DSM 5?

A

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
Binge eating disorder
Mild neurocognitive disorder (Mild NCD)
Somatic symptom disorder (SSD)
Hoarding disorder
Bereavement Exclusion
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Substance use Disorder

331
Q

What was the change about the Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the DSM 5 edition?

A

Increased age of symptoms from 7 to 12
Minimum number of symptoms in adults increased to 5

332
Q

In DSM 5, the frequency of binge eating for bulimia Nervosa was changed to what?

A

Reduced to once/week

333
Q

What was the change about the Anorexia Nervosa in the DSM 5 edition?

A

Reduction of less than 85% of the body weight

334
Q

Mental retardation was renamed __.

A

Intellectual disability or Intellectual development disorder

335
Q

In DSM 5, learning disabilities in math, reading and writing are now __.

A

Combined as specific development disorder

336
Q

What was removed from Anxiety Disorder to the new category in the DSM 5?

A

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

337
Q

Mood Disorders were split into two in DSM 5, which are:

A

Depressive Disorders
Bipolar and related disorders

338
Q

One of the controversies surrounding DSM 5 was that, leaders of mental health organization boycotted DSM 5. True or False?

A

True

339
Q

Who was the most vocal critic in the DSM 5?

A

Allen Frances

340
Q

His criticism declares that DSM-5 will mislabel normal people, promote diagnosis inflation, encourage inappropriate medication use.

A

Allen Frances

341
Q

Give some strengths of DSM-5 edition

A

Emphasis on empirical research
Use of explicit diagnostic criteria
Interclinician reliability
Atheoretical language
Facilitated communication between researchers and clinicians
Breadth of coverage
Controversial cutoffs
Cultural issues
Gender bias
Non-empirical influences
Limitations on objectivity

Psychology (2 decks)

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