Abnormal Psychology (Bipolar and related depressive disorders)

Question 1

The diagnosis of Bipolar I Disorder requires the presence of at least one manic episode that lasts for at least _______

Answer 1

one week

Question 2

The diagnosis of Bipolar II Disorder requires at least one major depressive episode and one _______ episode

Answer 2

hypomanic

Question 3

Of the psychiatric disorders, Bipolar disorder has most consistently been linked to _____ factors

Answer 3

genetic

Question 4

Treatment for Bipolar disorder often includes _____, which not only reduces manic symptoms but also levels out mood swings

Answer 4

lithium

Question 5

For those who don’t respond well to Lithium, what kinds of drugs have been used to treat Bipolar disorder?

Answer 5

• anti-seizure drugs such as carbamazepine or divalproex sodium
• for acute mania, olanzapine, risperidone and other antipsychotics may be useful

Question 6

A diagnosis of Cyclothymic disorder requires a duration of symptoms of at least ____ in adults, and ______ in children and adolescents

Answer 6

two years; one year

Question 7

hypomanic episode

Answer 7

a distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased activity or energy that lasts for at least four consecutive days and is present most of the day nearly every day

Question 8

most common comorbid conditions with bipolar disorder are:

Answer 8

-anxiety and substance abuse

Question 9

the lifetime prevalence of completed suicide for individuals with Bipolar disorder is about ______times the risk for the general population

Answer 9

15

Question 10

psychosocial interventions that have been found to be effective for Bipolar disorder are:

Answer 10

-cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), family-focussed treatment (FFT), and interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT)

Question 11

a diagnosis of major depressive disorder requires the presence of at least _____ symptoms of a major depressive episode with at least one symptom being either depressed mood or ______

Answer 11

five; loss of interest or pleasure

Question 12

The peripartum onset specifier of MDD applies when the onset of symptoms if during pregnancy or within _____weeks postpartum

Answer 12

four

Question 13

Seasonal pattern specifier for MDD applies when:

Answer 13

there is a temporal relationship between the onset of symptoms and a particular time of the year

Question 14

symptoms of seasonal affective disorder include:

Answer 14

hypersomnia, increased appetite and weight gain, and a craving for carbohydrates

Question 15

In children, the rates of MDD are about equal for boys and girls, but in adults, the rate for women is about _____ the rate of men

Answer 15

twice

Question 16

In children, _____complaints of irritability are common; among older adults, cognitive impairments may resemble those seen in _______

Answer 16

somatic; major or mild Neurocognitive disorder

Question 17

evidence for a genetic contribution to MDD is provided by studies showing the disorder is ______ times more common among first-degree biological relatives of individuals with the disorder than among individuals int the general population

Answer 17

1.5- 3.0

Question 18

according to the _____ hypothesis, depression is due to a deficiency of norepinephrine

Answer 18

catecholamine

Question 19

Lewinson’s behavioural theory links depression to a low rate of ________

Answer 19

response contingent reinforcement

Question 20

a recent version of the learned helplessness model identifies ______ as the proximal and sufficient cause of MDD

Answer 20

hopelessness

Question 21

Beck’s cognitive theory

Answer 21

describes depression as involving a “cognitive triad” characterized by negative beliefs about oneself, the world, and the future

Question 22

A diagnosis of Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) requires the presence of depressed mood for at least ______in adults and _____ in children and adolescents

Answer 22

2 years; one year

Question 23

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)

Answer 23

-most effective for “classic depression” that include vegetative (bodily) symptoms, worsening of symptoms in the morning, an acute onset and short duration of symptoms, and symptoms of moderate severity

Question 24

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Answer 24

considered the first-line drug treatment for modern to severe depression and have few side effects and a lower risk for fatal overdose than TCAs

Question 25

monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

Answer 25

may be beneficial for individuals who do not respond well to TCAs or SSRIs and/or who have atypical symptoms (anxiety, hypersomnia, hyperphagia, interpersonal sensitivity)

Question 26

undesirable effects of ECT include:

Answer 26

anterograde and retrograde amnesia, confusion, and disorientation-- but these effects can be diminished by administering ECT unilaterally to the right (nondominant) hemisphere

Question 27

About ____% of people who commit suicide have a diagnosis of a mood disorder

Answer 27

60

Question 28

until recently the highest suicide rate has been for individuals ages 65 and older, but beginning in 2004, the rates for individuals ages ________ began to surpass the rates of the older age group

Answer 28

25-64

Question 29

In terms of gender, ______ are more likely to commit suicide, while _____ are more likely to attempt suicide

Answer 29

males; females

Question 30

Next to Whites, Native Americans have the highest rate of suicide for ages ______

Answer 30

15-34

Question 31

when suicide is linked to depression, it is most likely to occur with ____ after depressive symptoms start to improve

Answer 31

3 months

Question 32

A 63-year-old college professor exhibits impairments in memory and other cognitive functions and a depressed mood. What might suggests that his symptoms are more likely due to "pseudodementia" than to a major or mild Neurocognitive Disorder?

Answer 32

The man exaggerates his cognitive deficits and seems overly concerned about them.

Question 33

Abnormal levels of melatonin have been linked to which diagnosis?

Answer 33

Major Depressive Disorder with seasonal pattern

Question 34

According to the DSM-5, the 12-month prevalence rate for Bipolar I Disorder in the United States is _____ percent.

Answer 34

0.6

Question 35

Anita A., age 16, is brought to therapy by her mother who says the girl has recently become "another person." She says that Anita used to be friendly and cooperative and popular at school. However, for the last few weeks, Anita has been constantly irritable, is not doing her homework and has failed several tests, and has been getting very little sleep. When the therapist interviews Anita, her speech is loud and rapid and she is easily distracted. He learns that she has started drinking alcohol nearly every day and has engaged in high-risk sexual behavior. The most likely diagnosis for Anita is:

Answer 35

Bipolar I Disorder

Question 36

What is the rate for males compared to females in the prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder in adolescents and adults?

Answer 36

The rate for females is one and one-half to three times the rate for males