Abnormal Psychology Exam I Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
abnormal psychology
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addresses causes and progression of psychological disorders
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psychological disorder
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pattern of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors that cause significant distress, impairment in daily life, and/or risk of harm, any of which is unusual for the context and culture
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psychosis
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impaired ability to perceive reality to extent that normal functioning is hard/not possible
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hallucinations
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psychosis; sensations so vivid that they’re perceived as real
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delusions
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psychosis; persistent false beliefs held despite contrary evidence
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culture
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shared norms and values of society that are explicitly and implicitly conveyed by example and reward/punishment
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asylums
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institutions to house and care for people afflicted with mental illness
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moral treatment
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environment where people are treated kindly with respect, part of a community
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psychoanalytic theory
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thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are a result of conscious and unconscious continual mental forces
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id
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sexual and aggressive drives, immediate gratification
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superego
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conscience, morality
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ego
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mediating id, superego, and reality
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psychosexual stages
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oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital, each needed for healthy psychological development
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neurosis
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pattern of thoughts, feelings, behaviors that express unresolved conflict between ego/id or ego/superego
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defense mechanisms
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unconscious, prevent unacceptable thoughts and feelings from reaching consciousness
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mental processes
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internal operations that underlie cognitive and emotional functions
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mental contents
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specific material in mind and operated on
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behaviorism
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studying directly observable behaviors to understand things, all behavior learned by association, Skinner/Pavlov
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diathesis-stress model
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disorder triggered when person with predisposition for particular disorder experiences very stressful event
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biopsychosocial approach
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disorders arise from combined influences of biology, psychology, and social interactions
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neuropsychosocial approach
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disorder from neurological/psychological/social factors, affect/are affected through feedback loops, nervous system
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supernatural forces
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Socrates, Stone Age, treated with exorcism, trepination
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Chinese qi
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energy balance among 12 channels, treated with acupuncture, herbal medicine
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medical model
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hippocrates, galen, return to demonology in Middle Ages
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Karen Horney
feminist psychology in reaction to Freud (man/woman differences, infant's social world is important)
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Carl Jung
inborn and unconscious archetypes (idealized abstractions) that underlie motivation
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humanists
against mechanistic Freudian principals, Maslow (free will, innate goodness, self-actualization), Rogers (client-centered therapy)
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Albert Ellis
link between behavior and mental processes, roots of CBT and DBT (dialectical behavior therapy)
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etiology
the factors that lead a person to develop a psychological disorder
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cerebral cortex
the outer layer of cells on the surface of the brain
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neurons
brain cells, process information related to physical, mental, and emotional functioning
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brain circuits
sets of connected neurons that work together to accomplish a basic process
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brain systems
sets of brain circuits working together to accomplish complex function
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action potential
wave of chemical activity that moves down from cell body down axon when neuron fires
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synapse
place where tip of axon of one neuron sends signals to another neuron
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neurotransmitters
chemicals released by terminal buttons and cross the synaptic cleft
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receptors
specialized sites on dendrites and cell bodies that respond only to specific molecules
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reuptake
process of moving leftover neurotransmitter molecules in synapse back into sending neuron
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hormones
chemicals released directly into bloodstream that activate or alter neuron activity
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genes
DNA segments that control production of particular proteins and other substances
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genotype
sum of an organism's genes
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phenotype
sum of organism's observable traits
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complex inheritance
transmission of traits expressed along continuum by interaction of sets of genes
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behavioral genetics
investigates degree to which variability of characteristics in population arises from genetic versus environmental factors
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heritability
estimate of how much variation in a characteristic within a population (in specific environment) can be attributed to genetics
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monozygotic twins
basically same genetic makeup, began life as single fertilized egg (zygote), which divided into two embryos
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dizygotic twins
developed from two fertilized eggs so have a 50% overlap in genes
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classical conditioning
learning, two stimuli are paired so a neutral stimulus becomes associated with another stimulus that elicits a reflexive behavior (Pavlovian conditioning)
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unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
stimulus that reflexively elicits a behavior
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unconditioned response (UCR)
behavior reflexively elicited by stimulus
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conditioned stimulus (CS)
neutral stimulus that, when paired with unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit reflexive behavior
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conditioned response (CR)
response that comes to be elicited by previously neutral stimulus that has become conditioned stimulus
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conditioned emotional responses
emotions and emotion-related behaviors that are classically conditioned
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stimulus generalization
process by which responses come to be elicited by stimuli similar to conditioned stimulus
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operant conditioning
learning in which likelihood of behavior being repeated depends on consequences associated with the behavior
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reinforcement
process by which consequence of a behavior increases likelihood of behavior's recurrence
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positive reinforcement
desired reinforcer is received after behavior, which makes behavior more likely to occur again
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negative reinforcement
aversive or uncomfortable stimulus is removed after behavior, behavior less likely to occur again
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punishment
process by which event/object that is consequence of behavior decreases likelihood that behavior will occur again
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positive punishment
behavior followed by undesirable consequence, less likely to recur
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negative punishment
behavior followed by removal of pleasant or desired event or circumstance, less likely to recur
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learned helplessness
"giving up," when person or animal is in aversive situation where it seems no action can be effective
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observational learning
learning through watching what happens to others (modeling)
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cognitive distortions
dysfunctional, maladaptive thoughts that aren't accurate reflections and reality and contribute to psychological disorders
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emotion
short-lived experience evoked by stimulus that produces mental response, typical behavior, and positive/negative subjective feeling
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affect
emotion associated with particular idea/behavior, similar to an attitude
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inappropriate affect
expression of emotion not appropriate to what a person is saying or to the situation
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flat affect
lack of/considerably diminished emotional expression
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labile affect
affect that changes inappropriately rapidly
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mood
persistent emotion not attached to stimulus, exists in background and influences mental processes, mental contents, and behavior
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temperament
aspects of personality that reflect person's typical emotional state and emotional reactivity (including speed and strength of reactions to stimuli)
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Cloninger's temperaments
novelty seeking: impulsive, aggressive (dopamine)
harm avoidance: anxiety disorders (serotonin)
reward dependence: approval (norepinephrine)
persistence: like reward dependence (norepinephrine)
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high expressed emotion
family interaction style characterized by hostility, unnecessary criticism, or emotional overinvolvement
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social support
comfort and assistance that individual receives through interactions with others
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social causation hypothesis
daily stressors of urban life, especially for those in lower socioeconomic class, trigger mental illness in those who are vulnerable
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social selection hypothesis
mental ill "drift" to lower socioeconomic level because of their impairments, "social drift"
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diagnosis
identification of the nature of a disorder
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clinical assessment
process of obtaining relevant information and making judgments about mental illness based on that information
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diagnostic bias
a systematic error in diagnosis
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reliable
property of classification systems (or measures) that consistently produce same results
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valid
property of classification systems (or measures) that actually characterize what they're supposed to characterize
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prognosis
likely course and outcome of disorder
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prevalence
number of people who have disorder in given period of time
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comorbidity
presence of more than one disorder at same time in a given patient
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clinical psychologist
has doctoral degree that requires several years of coursework and treating patients under supervision of experienced clinicians
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counseling psychologist
has either Ph.D. from psychology program that focuses on counseling or Ed.D. from a school of education
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psychiatrist
has an M.D. degree and completed residency that focuses on mental disorders
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psychiatric nurse
has M.S.N. degree, plus C.S. certificate in psychiatric nursing
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social worker
has an M.S.W. degree and may have had training to provide psychotherapy to help individuals and families
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computerized axial tomography (CT scan)
uses x-rays to build 3D image of brain
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magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
creates especially sharp images of brain by measuring magnetic properties of atoms in brain
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positron emission tomography (PET)
measures blood flow (or energy consumption) in brain, requires small amount of radioactive substance into bloodstream
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functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
uses MRI to obtain images of brain functioning, reveal extent to which different brain areas are activated during particular tasks
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neuropsychological testing
use of assessment techniques that use behavioral responses to test items, draw inferences about brain functioning
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clinical interview
meeting between clinician and patient, clinician asks questions related to patient's symptoms and functioning
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malingering
intentional false reporting of symptoms/exaggerating existing symptoms for material gain/to avoid unwanted events
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factitious disorder
disorder marked by false reporting/inducing of medical/psychological symptoms for attention
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projective test
patient presented with ambiguous stimuli (inkblots, etc.), asked to make sense of/explain them
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scientific method
process of gathering and interpreting facts: collect initial observations, identify question, develop hypothesis that might answer question, collect relevant data, develop theory, test theory
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data
methodical observations, include numerical measurements of phenomena
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replication
repeat study using same data collection methods under identical/near-identical conditions, get data that should have same characteristics as those from original study
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hypothesis
preliminary idea proposed to answer question about set of observations
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theory
principle or set of principles that explains set of data
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predictions
hypotheses that should be confirmed if theory is correct
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experiments
research studies, investigators intentionally manipulate one variable at a time, measure consequences of manipulation on one/more other variables
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independent variable
variable that researcher manipulates
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dependent variable
measured, may change values as result of manipulating independent variable
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confounding variables
factors that might inadvertently affect variables of interest in experiment
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control group
participants in experiment, independent variable not manipulated, otherwise treated identically to experimental group
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bias
tendency that distorts data
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random assignment
assign particpiants to groups using procedure that relies on chance
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sampling bias
distortion when participants in experiment not drawn randomly from relevant population
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population
complete set of possible relevant participants
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sample
small portion of a population examined in study
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internal validity
indicates study measures what it claims to measure because it controls for confounds
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external validity
study results generalize from sample to population, conditions used in study are relevant to conditions outside study
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correlation
relationship between measurements of two variables, change in value of one associated with change in value of the other
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correlation coefficient
number that quantifies strength of correlation between two variables, usually symbolized by r
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statistically significant
value of statistical test is greater than what would be expected from chance alone
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epidemiology
correlational research, investigates rate of occurrence, possible causes and risk factors, and course of diseases/disorders
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longitudinal studies (psychopathology)
designed to determine whether given variable is risk factor using data from same participants at various points in time
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case studies (psychopathology)
focuses in detail on one individual and factors that underlie person's psychological disorder(s)
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single-participant experiments
only one participant
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meta-analysis
statistically combines results of multiple studies that address same question to determine overall effect
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response bias
respond in particular way regardless of what's being asked by the question
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social desirability
bias, respond in a way that respondents think makes them appear socially desirable, even if untrue
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experimenter expectancy effect
investigator (un)intentionally treats participants in ways that encourage particular responses
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double-blind design
neither participant nor investigator's assistant knows the group participants are in/predicted results
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reactivity
behavior change when one becomes aware of being observed
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placebo effect
positive effect of medically inert substance or procedure
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attrition
reduction in number of participants during research study
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common factors
helpful aspects of therapy shared by virtually all types of psychotherapy
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specific factors
characteristics of particular treatment/technique that lead it to have unique benefits, beyond those conferred by common factors
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randomized clinical/controlled trial (RC)
has at least 2 groups (treatment and control, usually placebo control), participants randomly assigned
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allegiance effect
studies done by investigators who prefer particular theoretical orientation tend to get data supporting it
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dose-response relationship
association between more treatment (dose) and more improvement (response)
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mood disorders
prolonged and marked disturbances in mood, affect how people feel, what they believe and expect, how they think and talk, and how they interact with others
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major depressive episode (MDE)
mood episode characterized by severe depression, lasts at least 2 weeks
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anhedonia
difficulty or inability to experience pleasure
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psychomotor agitation
inability to sit still (fidgeting)
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psychomotor retardation
slowing of motor functions (slowed movements, less variety of speech etc., vegetative)
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hypersomnia
sleeping more hours each day than normal
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prodrome
early symptoms of a disorder
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premorbid
period of time prior to patient's illness
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major depressive disorder (MDD)
mood disorder, five or more symptoms of MDE lasting more than 2 weeks
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phototherapy/lightbox therapy
treatment for depression, uses full-spectrum lights
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age cohort
group of people born in particular range of years
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persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)
depressive disorder, as few as two symptoms of major depressive episode that persist for at least 2 years
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disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)
depressive disorder in children, persistent irritability and frequent episodes of out-of-control behavior
