Abnormal Pysch Unit 1 Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
Mental Disorders: Cultural university
A
fixed set of disorders exist whose obvious symptoms cut across cultures
2
Q
Mental Disorders: Cultural relativism
A
Values and worldviews affect expression and determination and deviant behavior
Ex. “Running amok” in Malaysia; eating disorders
3
Q
Cultural relativism
A
view that there are no universal standards or rules for labeling a behavior abnormal. Behaviors can only be labeled abnormal only relative to cultural norms. ex. Hitler branded jews “abnormal”
4
Q
Culture and gender can influence three things, what are they?
A
- way people express symptoms
- Willingness to admit certain types of behavior
- types of treatment deemed acceptable/helpful for people
5
Q
Biological theories
A
view abnormal behaviors similarly to physical diseases; breakdown of the body
6
Q
Supernatural Theories
A
view abnormal behaviors as a result of divine interventions, curses, demonic possessions and personal sin
7
Q
Psychological theories
A
view abnormal behaviors as a result of psychological processes, such as beliefs, coping skills, and life events such as trauma, bereavement, or chronic stress
- ex. Slaves who would escape where seen as having a mental illness and would be beaten to “cure” them.
8
Q
Traphination
A
act of drilling holes into someone’s head using trephine (drill-like tool)
9
Q
Psychopathology
A
scientific study of psychological disorders
10
Q
4 D’s of abnormality
A
deviance, distress, dysfunction, dangerousness
11
Q
Ancient Chinese
A
- Ancient Chinese medicine based on Ying and Yang
- Chinese medical philosophy said that human emotions were controlled in the organs, therefore doctors would tell people not to eat for days in order to balance emotions
- Different organs represent different emotions (pg 8 for examples)
12
Q
Ancient Greece, Egypt, and Rome
A
- Ancient Greece, Egypt, and Rome believed in the “wandering uterus”; the uterus would wander the body looking for semen and therefore make the women sick or “abnormal”
- Hysteria means Uterus in Greek
- Hippocrates’ four humors
13
Q
Medieval Views
A
- Witch hunts occurred and psychiatric historians claim the “witches” were most likely the mentally ill
- Johann Weyer claimed those accused of being witches were those with depression and senility. The church argued against this claim
14
Q
Psychic Epidemics
A
phenomenon in which large numbers of people engage in unusual behaviors that appear to have a psychological origin ex. Dance frenzies
15
Q
Mental Hygiene movement
A
treatment based on the idea that people developed problems because they had become separated from nature. Inscribed prayers, relaxation, and a physically appealing place
16
Q
Moral treatment
A
humanistic philosophy and a belief that a rational, caring approach would enable patients to normalize their thoughts and actions; Philippe Pinel created
17
Q
General paresis
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disease that lead to paralysis, insanity and eventually death
18
Q
Mesmerism
A
hypnotic induction held to involve animal magnetism broadly
19
Q
Psychoanalysis
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the study of the unconscious
20
Q
Classical conditioning
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Pavlov’s studies on human behavior
21
Q
Self-efficacy beliefs
A
behaviors necessary to control important events determining someone’s well being
22
Q
Patient’s right movement
A
recover better or live more satisfying lives if integrated into the community
23
Q
Deinstitutionalization
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moving people with psychological or developmental disabilities from highly structured institutions to home- or community-based settings
24
Q
Community mental health centers
A
institutions for the treatment of people with mental health problems in the community; may include teams of social workers, therapists, and physicians who coordinate care
25
community mental health movement
An effort to deinstitutionalize mental patients and to provide therapy from outpatient clinics. Proponents of community mental health envisioned that recovering patients could live with their families, in foster homes, or in group homes.
26
Halfway homes
offer help to long-term mental health problems, this includes a structured, supportive environment as they try it reestablish working relationships with friends and family
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Day treatment centers
mental health facilities that allow people to obtain treatment, along with occupational and rehabilitative therapies, during the day but to live at home at night
28
Managed care
collection of methods for coordinating care that ranges from simple monitoring to total control over what care can be provided
29
Theory
set of ideas that provide a framework for asking questions about a phenomenon and gathering information
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biopsychosocial approach
recognizing psychological symptoms often result from biological factors
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diathesis-stress model
a diagnostic model that proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event
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Three sections of the brain
hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
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Thalamus
direct incoming information from sense receptors to the cerebrum
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Hypothalamus
small structure below the thalamus, regulates eating, drinking and sexual behavior
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Limbic system
a set of structures that regulate many instructive behaviors such as stress, eating and sexual behavior
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Amygdala
structure of the limbic system that is critical in emotions such as fear
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Neurotransmitters
biochemicals that act as messengers carrying impulses from one neuron or nerve call to another in the brain and nervous system
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Synapse
the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron
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Receptors
molecules on the membrane of adjacent neurons
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Reuptake
process that occurs when initial neuron releases the neurotransmitter into the synapse
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Degradation
occurs when the receiving neurotransmitter into other biochemicals
42
Endocrine system
the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
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pituitary gland
gland that produces largest number of different hormones
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polygenic
multiple genes affecting a given trait
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Lithium
widely used as a mood stabilizer
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anticonvulsants
used to help with mood disorders
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electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
48
psychosurgery
surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior
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Global assumptions
fundamental beliefs that encompass all types of situations
50
ego psychology
emphasizing the importance of the individual's abilities
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object relations
Modern development in psychodynamic theory involving the study of how children incorporate the memories and values of people who are close and important to them.
52
Free association
client is taught to talk about whatever comes to mind
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Transference
occurs when client reacts to the therapist
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Working through
going over and over painful memories and difficult issues
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Reflection
method of response in which the therapist expresses an attempt to understand what the client is experiencing and trying to communicate
56
family system theories
families create and maintain mental disorders in individuals to maintain homeostasis
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Family system therapy
the guiding assumption is that most people's problems develop in a family setting and that the best way to deal with them is to improve family relationships and communication
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syndorme
cluster of symtoms
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validity
accuracy of a test
60
Reliability
consistency of measurement
61
sensorium
client's general awareness of surroundings
62
Personality inventories
a questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits
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Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
a method of brain imaging that assesses metabolic activity by using a radioactive substance injected into the bloodstream
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single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
PET scan that is less accurate but cheaper
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Psychophysiological tests
machines designed to detect changes in brain that reflect emotion
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Electroencephalogram (EEG)
measures electrical activity along the scalp produced by firing neurons
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Projective test
a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics
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DSM
the classification system of mental disorders
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Weyer
founder of modern psychopathology
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psychotherapy
any treatment using psychological techniques to help someone suffering psychological difficulties
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the biological model has the most side effects out of all the models
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Behaviorism
the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).
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operant conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
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Modeling
learning by imitating others; copying behavior
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Behavioral Therapies
treatments designed to change behavior through the use of established learning techniques
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flooding therapy
A behavioral treatment for phobias that involves prolonged exposure to a feared stimulus, thereby providing maximal opportunity for the conditioned fear response to be extinguished.
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gradual exposure therapy
direct exposure to a series of increasingly fearful stimuli
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systematic desensitization
A type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli
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caveat
a warning or caution to prevent misunderstanding or discourage behavior
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ABC model of attitudes
affect, behavior, cognition make an attitude
81
Cognitions
mental processes, such as thinking, memory, sensation, and perception
82
Bandure's self-efficacy
belief we have the abilities to handle life's events
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cognitive therapies
therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting
84
Behavioral model strengths
o Can be observed and measured
o Significant research support
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Behavioral models weaknesses
o Too simplistic and unrealistic
o Downplays role of cognition (thoughts)
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Cognitive model strengths
o Broad appeal
o Clinically useful & effective for several disorders
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Cognitive models weaknesses
o Singular, narrow focus
o Overemphasizes present
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Psychoanalytic model
the most comprehensive theory yet constructed on the development and structure of our personalities (ego, superego, ID)
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Regression
person retreated from conflict by returning to an earlier state of development
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Projection
imposing one's own impulses or wishes onto another person
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Reaction formation
behaving in a way that is the opposite of one's true wishes
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Psychodynamic model strengths
o Recognized importance of psychological theories and treatment
o Internal conflict as important source of both health and abnormality
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Psychodynamic model weaknesses
o Some unsupported ideas
o More difficult to research (not impossible tho)
94
Humanistic Theory
is a type of personality theory that emphasizes people's conscious understanding of themselves and their abilities to attain self fulfillment.
95
Gestalt therapy
therapy that aims to integrate different and sometimes opposing aspects of personality into a unified sense of self
96
Observation therapy look for 3 things
o Behavioral excesses (e.g., hair pulling, overeating) things we want to do less of
o Behavior deficits (e.g., lack of eye contact) things we want to do more of
o Inappropriate behavior (e.g., violent outbursts) things that are not okay in
97
Psychological Tests
- Development began around 1900
- Determine cognitive, emotional, or behavioral states and symptoms
- More than 500 different tests are in use
98
Projective Tests
Subjects interpret vague/ambiguous stimuli or follow open-ended instruction
ex. Roschach inkblots
99
Objective Tests example
Measure broad personality characteristics
Focus on behaviors, beliefs, and feelings
Usually, self-report
ex. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
100
Self-Report Inventories
Focus on one specific area of functioning
ex. Beck Depression Inventory
101
Psychophysiological Tests
Measure physiological response as an indication of psychological problem
ex.polygraph (lie detector)
102
Neurological
tests directly assess brain function by assessing structure and activity
103
Neuropsychological
tests indirectly assess brain function by assessing cognitive perceptual, and motor functioning
104
Intelligence Tests
Designed to measure intellectual ability (verbal and non-verbal skills)
ex. IQ test
105
Reliable
Different diagnosticians agree on diagnosis using same classification system
106
Validity
Accuracy of info provided by diagnostic categories
107
DSM-5
greater reliability and validity than previous editions, but still a concern
108
sign
observable
109
symptom
reported condition
110
Syndrome
cluster of signs and symptoms
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disorder
Diagnosis linking syndromes; could be same as a syndrome
112
Disease
disorder with known pathophysiology
