Abnormal Test #1 Review Flashcards
(158 cards)
1
Q
What are the four D’s?
A
Deviant
Distressing
Dysfunctional
Dangerous
2
Q
Define Deviance
A
Different, extreme, unusual, or bizarre. Deviance is defined by societal “norms” and its particular culture
3
Q
Define distressing?
A
Unpleasant and upsetting to the person in question
4
Q
Define dysfunctional?
A
interfering with person’s ability to conduct daily activities in a constructive way
5
Q
3 Essential features of therapy:
A
- Sufferer seeking relief from healer
- Trained, socially accepted healer who expertise is accepted by sufferer
- Series of contacts between the healer/sufferer, through which the healer tries to produce certain changes in the sufferer’s emotional state
6
Q
What is trephination?
A
Where a stone instrument was used toc ut away a circular section of the skull, some believe as form of treatment for severe abnormality
7
Q
What did Hippocrates (and Greek/Roman culture in general) teach about mental illness?
A
That they had natural causes that were caused by internal physical problems. Hippocrates saw it as an imbalance of four humors that flowed through the body.
8
Q
Middle Ages view on abnormality?
A
Influence of Satan; revived practice of exorcism, to the point of torture
9
Q
Who was considered founder of modern study of psychopathology?
A
Johann Weyer
10
Q
What did Johann Weyer teach?
A
Mental illness was caused by the mind being sick, just as the body can become ill.
11
Q
What happened to the mentally ill during the Renaissance?
A
Some kept at home and families were helped by local parish; Gheel in Belgium; start of asylums
12
Q
What happened in Bethlehem Hospital in 1547?
A
Mentally ill were bound in chains…how modern word “bedlam” came to be, from locals calling the chaotic uproar bedlam
13
Q
Who started asylum reforms in 19th century?
A
La Bicetre
14
Q
How did La Bicetre start reforms of asylums?
A
Allowing patients to be unchained, walk around the asylum, and be treated with kindness and sympathy
15
Q
In 1796, what did William Tuke found?
A
York Retreat, where patients lived in quiet country homes and were treated with rest, prayer, and manual labor.
16
Q
What is moral treatment?
A
Methods of Pinel and Tuke that emphasized moral guidance and humane techniques
17
Q
What did the moral treatment involve?
A
Discussion of problems, useful activities, work, companionship. and quiet
18
Q
Which doctor is credited with early spread of moral treatment in hospitals?
A
Benjamin Rush
19
Q
What did Dorothea Dix do?
A
went to state legislatures in the US and called for reforms of asylums and prisons. she helped establish 32 effective public mental hospitals in the US
20
Q
What happened to asylums in late 19th century?
A
Money shortages and staffing shortages, which resulted in overflowing hospitals–> long-term hospitalization became norm again
21
Q
Somatogenic Perspective?
A
The view that abnormal psychological functioning has physical causes
22
Q
Psychogenic perspective?
A
View that chief causes are psychological
23
Q
What did Emil Krapelin do?
A
Argued physical factors such as fatigue were responsible. Also idenfigied syndromes, or clusters of symptoms and listed physical causes
24
Q
Why was syphilis important in understanding abnormality?
A
Found that syphilis led to paresis, a irreversable disease with physical AND mental symptoms…led many to believe physical factors could be culprit
25
What happened when somatogenic perspective didn't yield working solutions?
Lobotomies and sterilizations
26
What did Bernheim and Liebault do?
Showed hypnotism could both cause and cure physical dysfunctions
27
Who formed theory of Pyschoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud
28
What did Psychoanalyis hold?
Many forms of abnormal and normal psychological functioning are psychogenic
29
What is psychoanalyis primarily used to treat?
Anxiety and depression
30
What are psychotropic medications and when were they made?
1950s; drugs that primarily affect the brain and alleviate many symptoms. Included first antipsychotics, antidepressants, and antianxiety drugs
31
What resulted from creation of psychotropic drugs?
De-instititutionalization and outpatient therapy
32
What's the treatment of choice in less severe disturbances?
Private psychotherapy-individuals pay a psychotherapist for counseling services
33
What is positive psychology?
Study and enhancement of positive feelings such as optimism and happiness; positive traits such as perserverance and wisdom; positive abilities such as interpersonal skills and other talents
34
What is dominant form of insurance coverage?
Managed care programs-insurance company determines which therapist clients can choose, cost of sessions, and number of visits allowed to be reimbursed (75% of insured use this)
35
Problems of managed care programs?
Inevitably shorten therapy, favor treatments that arent lasting (drug therapy), pose hardship for those with severe mental disorders
36
What is a clinical psychologist?
Those who earn a doctorate in clinical psychology by completing 4 years of grad training in abnormal psych and 1 year internship at a mental hospital/agency
37
Treatment of choice during Greek/Roman times? (500BC-500AD)
Balance humors, blood letting
38
Who first discovered hypotism could help with trauma patients?
Mesmer and Breur
39
What programs were big starting in the 1970's?
Community Mental Health programs that focused on prevention and positive psychology
40
What is a case study?
Research on 1 person that is very detailed
41
What did the case study on Phineas Gage discover?
Rod through head caused memory loss and personality changes...discovered different parts of brain controlled different parts of psychology
42
What did case study of Nash accomplish?
Challenged theory that severely mental ill were incapable of normal functioning (skilled mathemetician who was highly functional)
43
What did 3 Faces of Eve discover?
Dissociate Identity Disorder
44
What is EMDR?
Eye movement desensitization reprocessing. Used to treat trauma by changing way of thinking about traumatic event
45
What did Anna O case study show?
Mesmer treated glove paralysis by hypnosis
46
Strengths of Case Study?
Provides detailed, interpretive description of a person's life and treatment
47
Weaknesses of case study?
Observers are biased (low internal validity), relies on subjective, not measurable; provides little basis for generalization (low external validity)
48
What is the coorelational method?
Coorelation does not equal causation
49
What is magnitude?
How closely related factors are. +1 to -1 scale
50
Is .65 or .35 a stronger coorelation?
.65
51
Strengths of coorelational method?
Can generate results, uses big population
52
Disadvantages of coorelational method?
Costs alot of money
53
What is the independent variable?
Variable that is manipulated in an experiment
54
What is the dependant variable?
Bariable that is affected or studied
55
What is a confounding variable?
Outside of researchers awareness that messes with study
56
Strengths of experimental research?
They can explore causal relationships
57
What is a placebo?
"fake" medicine that serves as a control in experiments where drugs are taken
58
Wha are 3 ways to control confounding variables?
1. Control groups
2. random assignment
3. Blind design
59
What is a quasi design?
Studying child abuse by using a 5 year old who is victimized and a 5 year old is not, and comparing
60
What is a natural design?
Studying results of Tsunami on village's mental state
61
Waht is an analog design?
Done in lab...Example: men in labcoat tell men to shock other man in room for wrong answer
62
Strengths of alternative experimental designs?
can explore phenomenons that would be unethical to create/manipulate
63
Weakness of alternative designs?
not randomly assigned, lots of confounding variables
64
What is inert assumption?
If something isn't studied, it doesn't work
65
Etiology of biological model?
Somatogenis
66
Focus of biological model?
Deterministic
67
Disease that's caused from loss of ganglia in brain?
Huntington's Disease
68
Neurotransmitters in the brain that, when lacking, can cause mental illness?
Serotonin, GABA, dopamine, norepinephrine
69
What is the diathesis stress model?
When you inherit a gene that doesn't appear until lots of stress makes it appear
70
What is reciprocal gene model?
You have a gene that makes you act a certain way (ADHD) or do something (not pay taxes) that causes you to be more stresses and have more symptoms of disorder (reciprical loop)
71
What are some biological treaments?
drug therapy, nutrition,psychosurgery, transcranial magnetic stimulation therapy, electroconvulsive therapy,biofeedback
72
Strenghts of biological model?
quick, cheap, effective, measurable
73
What are the 3 types of psychodynamic models?
Psychoanalysis, analytic psychology, object relations
74
Who is credited with coming up with Psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud
75
Basic Theory of Psychoanalysis?
Unconcsious impacts feelings/behaviors/thoughts
Personality structure: ID, Ego, Super-Ego
Stages of Psychosexual Development
76
What does the Super-Ego say?
"No, you shouldn't do that"...seeks perfection (get this from parents/role models)
77
What does Id say?
" I want it now!"...seeks pleasure
78
What does the Ego do?
Seeks reality; partially conscious
79
Psychosexual stages of Freud?
```
Oral
Anal
Phalic
Latency (ends at puberty)
Genital (begins at puberty)
```
80
How did Freud explain abnormal functioning?
If an early event or probelm occurs between the id, superego, and ego during a certain psychosexual stage, that person will have fixations and abnormalities relevant to the stage the problem occured in
81
Who is credited for Analytic Psychology approach?
Carl Jung
82
Basic theory of Analytic Psych?
Insight about early events and unconscious conflicts
| Individualization of self: balance between anima/animus and persona/shadow
83
Who is credited with Object Relations theory?
Rank, Klein and Winnicott
84
Basic theory of Object Relations?
Behavior is determined by self's relationship to their "objects" (caregivers in their world)
85
What is important in object relations theory?
Early attachments, current relationships, therapist as healing object and therapy as a healing container
86
What do the 3 psychodynamic models have in common?
1. Talking cure.
2. Therapy relationship=important
3. Therapist gives patient interpretations to enhance insight that leads to change
87
3 types of learning under behavioral model?
1. Classical Conditioning
2. Operant Conditioning
3. Modeling
88
What is classical conditioning?
Making Temporal associations
| ex. Ivan Pavlov's dogs associating bell ringing with food, thus salivating
89
What is operant conditioning?
Rewards and punishments
| ex. Skinner's pigeons
90
What is modeling?
Observing and repeating what is observed
| ex. Bandura's Bo Bo dolls
91
Treatment strategy of behavioral therapists?
1. Break abnormal temporal pairings (ex. cigarettes after dinner)
2. Change environmental contingencies (reinforecemtn and punishments)
3. Observe and practice appropriate behavioral skills
92
Strengths of behavioral model
1. Treatment can be standardized
2. Behavioral change is measurable
3. Effective with many behaviorally focused disorders
4. Can be integrated into other therapies
93
Weaknesses of biological model
1. Gains can fade
2. Complex disorders unresponsive
3. Symptoms only focus
4. Minimizes developmental, biological, and cognitive issues.
5. Minimizes importance of therapist relationship
94
Who is credited with cognitive model?
Aaron Beck 1960s
95
Basic theory of cognitive model?
Recognize negative automatic thoughts and faulty logic and assumptions (overgeneralization, catastrophisizing, mind reading, all or nothing thinking), practice interrupting and challenging dysfuntional thinking, replace with more realistic thoughts
96
Strengths of cognitive model?
1. Present-focused, optimistic
2. Intuitive appeak that thought is central to behavior
3. Disorders have predictable cognitive errors (depressogenic thinking)
4. Effective (with depression, panic disorder, social phobia, sexual dysfuntion)
5. Amenable to research (standardized and psychoeducation)
97
Weaknesses of cognitive model?
1. Coorelation does not equal causation: disorders and disordered thinking
2. Downplays developmental events and complexities
3. Downplays needs and drives, emotions, behavior, and biology
4. Downplays importance of therapy relationship (only 30% importance)
5. Requires self-report for thoughts, not observable
98
Weaknesses of biological model?
as good as it gets, abuse/suicide, side effects, too simple
99
Dreams are the Royal Road to the Unconscious. If we analyze dreams we will be able to understand a person’s unconscious motivations for doing the things they do.
Psychodynamic therapy
100
As little children we act purely from the Pleasure Principle and allow the ID to control what we do and say based on what we want and unconscious drives. As we grow, we develop a conscience, or a Super-Ego, from our parents/caregivers which operates under the Morality Principle about what we SHOULD do. And the Ego, is the part of us responsible for balancing out these two ends of the continuum.
Psychodynamic therapy
101
Facilitating INSIGHT by exploring the impact of early events and early relationships is the goal of therapy, so that we can uncover that which was unconscious and allow it to become part of our awareness to enable the patient to make change.
Psychodynamic Therapy
102
Examining how the patient reacts and relates to the therapist is called TRANSFERENCE, which means the early childhood relationships are being “Transferred” to the new therapist. Increasing the patient’s awareness of the transference is considered a vital part of the therapy process to enable the patient to make change.
Psychodynamic therapy
103
Catharsis (where one emotionally “gets it all out” and expresses one’s pain about early events/relationships) and working it through (where you may need to do this again and again until it is resolved in a new understanding) are two contributions of this type of therapy.
Psychodynamic therapy
104
This type of therapy is based on LEARNING theory.
Behavioral therapy
105
This type of therapy develops techniques to “break” the emotional pairing that happens when two things happen at the same time; where the person responds the same way to both events. (Classical Conditioning)
Behavioral Therapy
106
This type of therapy looks at the consequences of a symptom (just after a symptom occurs). Changing the rewards and/or punishments are often the focus of treatment.
Behavioral therapy
107
Observing others to build new skills and role playing these skills is a vital part of this type of therapy .
Behavioral therapy
108
Skinner, Bandura, and Pavlov are all associated with this type of therapy
Behavioral Therapy
109
Making a thought record to identify one’s automatic negative thoughts are a vital piece of this type of therapy.
Cognitive Therapy
110
Looking at the evidence that supports or disproves a client’s beliefs about themselves , others, and the world is a big piece of this type of therapy.
Cognitive Therapy
111
Once the person has identified a tendency to “overgeneralize” or have “all or nothing thinking”, the task becomes thinking more realistically.
Cognitive Therapy
112
A problem of this type of therapy is that changing one’s thoughts is not that simple, just determining that they are faulty or illogical does not always lead to behavioral and emotional change
Cognitive therapy
113
“Faulty” thinking and some disorders like Depression or Anxiety might correlate, in that they may occur frequently in the same person, but that does NOT mean thinking CAUSES the disorder.
Cognitive therapy
114
Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis are associated with this type of therapy
Cognitive therapy
115
Carl Rogers identified conditions that the therapist should create in the therapy : Unconditional Positive Regard; Communicate Accurate Empathy; and communicate with honesty and authenticity.
Experiential therapies
116
Fritz Perls emphasized that every person is responsible for their reactions to things and pushed people to stay in the “Here and Now” and NOT talk about early experiences which was very different than previous models of therapy.
Experiential therapies
117
Yalom emphasized that each person must navigate human universal dilemmas of Isolation, Meaning, Death, and Freedom
Experiential therapies
118
One of the strengths of this model is that it emphasizes the individual clients’ power to effect change by focus on their here and now experience. In this way it is NOT a deterministic , people have an innate drive toward health or at least an opportunity to drive toward health
Experiential therapies
119
This type of therapy which opened the therapy room for research through examining tapes, emphasized the warmth and unconditional positive regard a therapist must have with their clients. This contribution has been so integrated into other perspectives that, unfortunately, it is often not given much credit. However, all current forms of therapy understand a warm and positive relationship between client and therapist is critical for change.
Experiential therapies
120
This perspective explores how the genes we inherit impact our feelings, behaviors, and thoughts.
Biological model
121
This perspective examines how nutrition may impact our moods.
Biological model
122
Diathesis-Stress model is an example of how this perspective has become more eclectic by not only looking at genetic inheritance but how an environmental stressor might activate, or turn on a dormant gene.
Biological Model
123
In the 1950’s a boom in the development of medications made this perspective jump ahead in popularity as the solution for all mental health issues. This created a large drop in the institutionalization of the mentally ill, which for some, has been good, but it has left many homeless and without treatment.
Biological Model
124
One of the problems this perspective faces with clients, is their hesitancy to take medications because they are afraid they will become addicted. What is poorly understood is that most of these drugs are NOT addictive because they just help the neurotransmitters that you have move, it does NOT add extra to your body that you may then end up addicted to receiving.
Biological Model
125
This perspective looks at the systems within which the patient/client is living to understand the source of their suffering.
Sociocultural/Family/Multicultural/ Feminist Models
126
This perspective looks at human universal life experience, group memberships, and an individual’s specific histories to understand symptom development.
Sociocultural/Family/Multicultural/ Feminist Models
127
This perspective pays close attention to power differentials in the therapy room between therapist and client and seek to minimize them whenever possible and to encourage the collaborative empowerment of the client.
Sociocultural/Family/Multicultural/ Feminist Models
128
This type of therapy explores societal roles, labels, privilege/oppression, and messages the person may have received from family members and society.
Sociocultural/Family/Multicultural/ Feminist Models
129
This perspective is particularly known for encouraging preventive, proactive interventions at the systemic level to decrease the incidence of mental health disorders.
Sociocultural/Family/Multicultural/ Feminist Models
130
Janet Helms and Sue & Sue are associated with this type of therapy which emphasize, among other things, the role of racial identity development on the part of the therapist, the client, and the dynamic between them in how therapy is conducted.
Sociocultural/Family/Multicultural/ Feminist Models
131
What percentage of Americans qualify for a DSM diagnosis during their lifetime?
47%
132
What are 3 types of clinical assessments done to gather data to determine the presence of a mental illness/disorder?
Interviews, Tests, and Observations
133
What types of clinical assesment tests are used?
Projective (Rorschach, Sentence Completion)
Personality Inventories, Response Inventories (MMPI, CBC)
Physiological, Neurological, and Cognitive Tests (GSR, IQ)
134
Problems with naturalistic and analog observations?
Observer overload, observer drifts, observer bias, client reactivity, cross-situational validity
135
How must assessment tools be standardized?
1. Tool must be used exactly the same way to every person, every time.
2. Tool's results must be interpreted and evaluated the same way every time.
3. Tool's comparison group, or standardized sample, must be bigger than group being tested
136
Define reliability in reference to assessment tools
Consistency with hich your tool comes up with same answer
137
Two Types of Tool Reliability?
1. Test-Retest Reliability (Time 1 and Time 2)
| 2. Inter-rater reliability: Interviews and Observations (Person 1 and 2 come up with same results)
138
Define validity in reference to assessment tools?
How well you are actually measuring the construct (idea) you intend to measure
139
3 types of validity?
1. Face Validity
2. Concurrent Validity
3. Predictive Validity
140
How many disorders does DSM 5 list?
approximately 400
141
What does the DSM 5 describe?
clinical features and criteria of diagnoses/ differential diagnosis
142
Name one validity concern wth new DSM 5?
Reliance on discrete diagnostic categories, despite evidence that blends of disorders exist
143
Strengths of DSM 5
1. Facilitates research
2. Helps choose treatment
3. Establishes a shorthand
4. Useful for prediction
5. Useful for building theories
6. Clinically helpful
144
Weaknesses of DSM 5?
1. Loss of uniqueness
2. Generalizations
3. Loss of ability to note severity
4. Continuum
5. Categorical
145
What do evidence based (empirically supported treatments) try to answer?
WHAT specific treatment, by WHOM, is most effective for THIS individual, wtih THAT specific problem, and under WHICH set of circumstances?
146
What is Gordon Paul credited with?
Coming up with the mandate for individualizing psychotherapy (1967)
147
Strengths of empirically supported treatments?
1. Decreases Bias from entering the selection of type of treatment and evaluation of their effectiveness
2. Clinically useful to therapist wanting best ways to treat
3. Protects consumer
148
Weaknesses of empirically supported treatments?
Efficacy Studies can be overvalued because real-life applications in the "field" is a different beast than studies
149
What does Seligman's article say on client's getting better?
Reports that 92% of clients report they get better
150
What do studies of EFFECTIVE seasoned clinicians find?
All:
1. Give feedback
2. Help client focus on experiencing *thoughts, feelings, and behaviors*
3. Pay attention to the therapy relationship
4. Encourage client's self-mastery
151
Strength of Consumer Reports study?
Clinical significance
| No bias
152
According to CR study, how many people got better?
87-92%
153
According to CR study, is long-term or short-term therapy better?
Long-term
154
According to CR study, which method had best efficacy?
All methods have about the same efficacy
155
According to CR study, is therapy alone or therapy+meds better?
Therapy alone is just as good as therapy+ meds
156
According to CR study, which types of therapists are best?
Psychiatrist, Psychologists, social workers are better than marriage counselors or family doctors
157
According to CR report, are AA or mental health providers better?
AA is better than mental health providers (and is free)
158
How do biological theortists explain abnormal behavior?
Problems with brain anatomy (Huntington's disease=loss of cells in basal ganglia)
Problems with brain chemistry (levels of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, norepinephrine, GABA, dopamine) (problems with neurons communicating)
Problems with interactions w/endocrine and ANS (adrenal glands making low cortisol=anxiety/mood disorders)
