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Immunohematology > ABO Blood Group System > Flashcards

ABO Blood Group System Flashcards

1
Q

Landsteiner

A

Discovered ABO Blood Group

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2
Q

ABO Forward Group

A

Based on presence or absence of antigens A or B
- A - Group A
- B - Group B
- A & B - Group AB
- Neither A or B - Group O (aka Amorph)

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3
Q

ABO Forward Group

A

Only Blood group that has antibodies without antigen exposure

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4
Q

ABO Reserve Group

A

Based on antibodies in serum directed against antigens that person lacks
- Group A - Anti-B
- Group B - Anti-A
- Group AB has no antibodies
- Group O - Anti-A and Anti-B

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5
Q

ABO Reserve Group

A

Must correspond with opposite of forward group and is used to verify that the correct ABO has been identified

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6
Q

Landsteiner’s Rule

A

ABO System is the only blood group system in which the reciprocal antibodies (naturally occurring) are consistently and predictably present in the sera of normal people whose rbcs lack the corresponding antigens

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7
Q

Definition of Blood Group System

A

Includes those antigens that are produced by alleles at a single genetic locus

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8
Q

Percentage of ABO group in population

A

45% - Group O
41% - Group A
10% - Group B
4% - Group AB

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9
Q

RBC Membrane

A

Composed of glycosphingolipids

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10
Q

ABO antigens

A

Attach to the carbohydrate end of these molecules

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11
Q

Other Blood Group Systems

A

Antigens of P
Antigens of Lewis (reliant on ABH system)
Constructed on related carbohydrate molecules on RBCs

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12
Q

Glycosyl Transferases

A

A & B Genetic codes for production of enzymes

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13
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

Specific sugar added to end of the carbohydrate chains

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14
Q

Immunodominant Sugars

A

Sugar on end of carbohydrate chain determines ABO antigen

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15
Q

Genes for ABO Blood group

A

3 genes involved in Production of A and B antigens

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16
Q

ABO Gene

A

Chromosome 9

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17
Q

Hh Gene

A

Chromosome 19

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18
Q

Sese Gene

A

Chromosome 19

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19
Q

Hh Gene Info

A

H/h gene must act first
2 Alleles - H and h

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20
Q

H/H or H/h Genotypes

A

Code for fucosyltransferase
- adds fucose to CHO (carbohydrate) chain
- Produces H antigen

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21
Q

h/h Genotype

A

Very rare
Does not code for any antigen product
“Amorph”
Bombay phenotype
Fucose is NOT added to CHO (no structure to build A & B ag)

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22
Q

A & B Genes

A

Code for glycosyl transferase

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23
Q

O Gene

A

Does not code for any enzyme

24
Q

A Gene Specific

A

N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase

25
Q

B Gene Specific

A

Galactosyl transferase

26
Q

O Gene Specific

A

Adds no immunodominant sugar
H antigen remains on RBC

27
Q

Bombay Phenotype

A

Testing mimics Group O person
Cells do not react with anti-A, anti-B, or anti-A,B
Serum contains anti A, anti-B, and anti-A,B
Serum also contains anti-H

28
Q

Se Gene Effect on A & B expression

A

Responsible for expression of H, A, and B on glycoproteins in epithelial secretions

29
Q

Se/Se and Se/se Genotype

A

Occur in 80% of population
- Type I Precursor Chains in secretions
- A, B, H antigens present in secretions

30
Q

se/se Genotype

A

Occur in 20% of population
Amorph
No A, B, H antigens in secretions

31
Q

H Gene Precursors

A

2 Types
- Type I - Body Fluids (1-3 linkage in sugars)
- Type II - RBC (1-4 linkage in sugars)

32
Q

Embryo RBCs

A

Detected A & B antigen 5-6 weeks gestation
Antigens fully developed at 2-4 yrs

33
Q

Phenotype

A

Set of observable characteristics based on genotype
Example: Child is Group A (could be AA or AO genotype)

34
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic makeup
Example: Mom is Group O and Dad is Group AB
Child could be AO or BO (appear as A or B phenotype)

35
Q

Immunocompetent

A

Produce antibodies to antigens they lack

36
Q

IgM

A

Naturally occuring

37
Q

IgG

A

Immune via exposure

38
Q

Group A

A

Produces anti-B IgMG

39
Q

Group B

A

Produces anti-A IgM

40
Q

Group O

A

Produces anti-A, anti-B, and anti-A,B IgG

41
Q

Antibody Production Begins

A

3-6 months of life

42
Q

Newborn ABO

A

Does NOT include testing of serum (mother’s ab is in serum)

43
Q

Antibody Production Decrease

A

Age
Immunosuppression

44
Q

Subgroups of A

A

Affect amount of A antigen on RBCs
May cause typing discrepancies

45
Q

Subgroups of B

A

Rare
Usually do not cause typing discrepancies

46
Q

A1 and A2 Genes

A

Code for slightly different antigens
A2 - less antigen sites
80% of Group A are A1
20% of Group A are A2

47
Q

Weaker subgroups of A

A

A3 and lower
Occur infrequently
Continued decreasing amounts of A antigen on RBCs
Increasing amount of H activity

48
Q

A subgroups Antibodies

A

Naturally occurring anti-B
May produce an immune anti-A1
- Causes typing discrepancy
- 1-8% of A2 persons (IgM anti-B, IgG anti-A1)
- 22-35% of A2B persons

49
Q

Forward Grouping

A

RBCs tested for presence of A and B antigens
Use reagent anti-A, anti B, and anti-A,B

50
Q

Reverse Grouping

A

Serum is tested for presence of anti-A and anti-B antibodies
Reagent A1 (may need to use A2) and B cells

51
Q

Clerical Discrepancies

A

Check names, numbers
Documentation
Tube/paperwork mixups

52
Q

Technical Discrepancies

A

Cell suspension
SOP
Observations/interpretations
Centrifuges
Reagents/glassware

53
Q

Weakly reacting Group 1

A

Due to age
Decreased immunoglobulins
- Disease
- Treatments
- Transplants

54
Q

Weakly reacting Group 2

A

Due to subgroups
- Disease-related
- Acquired B antigen
- Antibodies to low incidence antigens

55
Q

Proteins/plasma Group 3

A

Increased globulins
Increased fibrinogen
Presence of plasma expanders
Wharton’s Jelly - coating newborn cells causing spontaneous agglutination

56
Q

Miscellaneous Group 4

A

Polyagglutination
Cold Reactive Antibodies
Warm Autoantibodies
Unexpected Antibodies in serum
Unexpected Ag-Ab complexes
cis AB phenotype

57
Q

Resolution of ABO discrepancies

A

Check records and processing (Labeling and Patient history)
Serum-related (Type 1) or Cell-related (Type 2) Problem
Expanded (follow-up) Testing
- Repeat Testing
- Change Incubation Time/Temperature
- Special Reagents
- Other Procedures

Immunohematology (17 decks)

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