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Immunohematology > ABO Blood Group System > Flashcards

ABO Blood Group System Flashcards

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1
Q

Landsteiner

A

Discovered ABO Blood Group

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2
Q

ABO Forward Group

A

Based on presence or absence of antigens A or B
- A - Group A
- B - Group B
- A & B - Group AB
- Neither A or B - Group O (aka Amorph)

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3
Q

ABO Forward Group

A

Only Blood group that has antibodies without antigen exposure

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4
Q

ABO Reserve Group

A

Based on antibodies in serum directed against antigens that person lacks
- Group A - Anti-B
- Group B - Anti-A
- Group AB has no antibodies
- Group O - Anti-A and Anti-B

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5
Q

ABO Reserve Group

A

Must correspond with opposite of forward group and is used to verify that the correct ABO has been identified

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6
Q

Landsteiner’s Rule

A

ABO System is the only blood group system in which the reciprocal antibodies (naturally occurring) are consistently and predictably present in the sera of normal people whose rbcs lack the corresponding antigens

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7
Q

Definition of Blood Group System

A

Includes those antigens that are produced by alleles at a single genetic locus

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8
Q

Percentage of ABO group in population

A

45% - Group O
41% - Group A
10% - Group B
4% - Group AB

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9
Q

RBC Membrane

A

Composed of glycosphingolipids

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10
Q

ABO antigens

A

Attach to the carbohydrate end of these molecules

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11
Q

Other Blood Group Systems

A

Antigens of P
Antigens of Lewis (reliant on ABH system)
Constructed on related carbohydrate molecules on RBCs

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12
Q

Glycosyl Transferases

A

A & B Genetic codes for production of enzymes

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13
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

Specific sugar added to end of the carbohydrate chains

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14
Q

Immunodominant Sugars

A

Sugar on end of carbohydrate chain determines ABO antigen

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15
Q

Genes for ABO Blood group

A

3 genes involved in Production of A and B antigens

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16
Q

ABO Gene

A

Chromosome 9

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17
Q

Hh Gene

A

Chromosome 19

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18
Q

Sese Gene

A

Chromosome 19

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19
Q

Hh Gene Info

A

H/h gene must act first
2 Alleles - H and h

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20
Q

H/H or H/h Genotypes

A

Code for fucosyltransferase
- adds fucose to CHO (carbohydrate) chain
- Produces H antigen

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21
Q

h/h Genotype

A

Very rare
Does not code for any antigen product
“Amorph”
Bombay phenotype
Fucose is NOT added to CHO (no structure to build A & B ag)

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22
Q

A & B Genes

A

Code for glycosyl transferase

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23
Q

O Gene

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A

Does not code for any enzyme

24
Q

A Gene Specific

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A

N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase

25
B Gene Specific
Galactosyl transferase
26
O Gene Specific
Adds no immunodominant sugar H antigen remains on RBC
27
Bombay Phenotype
Testing mimics Group O person Cells do not react with anti-A, anti-B, or anti-A,B Serum contains anti A, anti-B, and anti-A,B Serum also contains anti-H
28
Se Gene Effect on A & B expression
Responsible for expression of H, A, and B on glycoproteins in epithelial secretions
29
Se/Se and Se/se Genotype
Occur in 80% of population - Type I Precursor Chains in secretions - A, B, H antigens present in secretions
30
se/se Genotype
Occur in 20% of population Amorph No A, B, H antigens in secretions
31
H Gene Precursors
2 Types - Type I - Body Fluids (1-3 linkage in sugars) - Type II - RBC (1-4 linkage in sugars)
32
Embryo RBCs
Detected A & B antigen 5-6 weeks gestation Antigens fully developed at 2-4 yrs
33
Phenotype
Set of observable characteristics based on genotype Example: Child is Group A (could be AA or AO genotype)
34
Genotype
Genetic makeup Example: Mom is Group O and Dad is Group AB Child could be AO or BO (appear as A or B phenotype)
35
Immunocompetent
Produce antibodies to antigens they lack
36
IgM
Naturally occuring
37
IgG
Immune via exposure
38
Group A
Produces anti-B IgMG
39
Group B
Produces anti-A IgM
40
Group O
Produces anti-A, anti-B, and anti-A,B IgG
41
Antibody Production Begins
3-6 months of life
42
Newborn ABO
Does NOT include testing of serum (mother's ab is in serum)
43
Antibody Production Decrease
Age Immunosuppression
44
Subgroups of A
Affect amount of A antigen on RBCs May cause typing discrepancies
45
Subgroups of B
Rare Usually do not cause typing discrepancies
46
A1 and A2 Genes
Code for slightly different antigens A2 - less antigen sites 80% of Group A are A1 20% of Group A are A2
47
Weaker subgroups of A
A3 and lower Occur infrequently Continued decreasing amounts of A antigen on RBCs Increasing amount of H activity
48
A subgroups Antibodies
Naturally occurring anti-B May produce an immune anti-A1 - Causes typing discrepancy - 1-8% of A2 persons (IgM anti-B, IgG anti-A1) - 22-35% of A2B persons
49
Forward Grouping
RBCs tested for presence of A and B antigens Use reagent anti-A, anti B, and anti-A,B
50
Reverse Grouping
Serum is tested for presence of anti-A and anti-B antibodies Reagent A1 (may need to use A2) and B cells
51
Clerical Discrepancies
Check names, numbers Documentation Tube/paperwork mixups
52
Technical Discrepancies
Cell suspension SOP Observations/interpretations Centrifuges Reagents/glassware
53
Weakly reacting Group 1
Due to age Decreased immunoglobulins - Disease - Treatments - Transplants
54
Weakly reacting Group 2
Due to subgroups - Disease-related - Acquired B antigen - Antibodies to low incidence antigens
55
Proteins/plasma Group 3
Increased globulins Increased fibrinogen Presence of plasma expanders Wharton's Jelly - coating newborn cells causing spontaneous agglutination
56
Miscellaneous Group 4
Polyagglutination Cold Reactive Antibodies Warm Autoantibodies Unexpected Antibodies in serum Unexpected Ag-Ab complexes cis AB phenotype
57
Resolution of ABO discrepancies
Check records and processing (Labeling and Patient history) Serum-related (Type 1) or Cell-related (Type 2) Problem Expanded (follow-up) Testing - Repeat Testing - Change Incubation Time/Temperature - Special Reagents - Other Procedures

Immunohematology (17 decks)

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