ABO Blood Group System Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
genes are also known as
*There are three.
A
- allele
- allelic
- allelomorphs
2
Q
Enumerate ABH antigens production
A
- glycosyltransferase production
- paragloboside conversion to H antigen
3
Q
ABH antigens are present in body fluids
A
secretors
4
Q
demonstarted that there are 2 subgroups of A:
- A1 (A antigen + A1 antigen)
- A2 (A antigen)
A
Emil von Dungern & Ludwik Hirszfeld
5
Q
inherited according to Mendelian Law
A
A & B antigen
6
Q
H gene’s enzyme
A
alpha-2-L fucosyl transferase
7
Q
ABO locus resides on ____
A
chromosome 9
8
Q
Secretors are also found in epithelial tissues:
Give all 4.
A
- bone marrow
- lymphocytes
- kidneys
- platelets
9
Q
dono nucleotide is part of?
A
glycosyltransferase production
10
Q
2 genes will determine which ABO antigen will be found on RBC membrane
A
Theory of Inheritance
11
Q
demonstarted on RBC
A
A & B antigen
12
Q
reacts better at room temperature
A
ABO antibodies
13
Q
basic precursor material that has a glycolipid/glycoprotein backbone to which sugars are attached
A
paragloboside
14
Q
foreign substances
A
antigen
15
Q
True or False
A & B antigen can be found in body secretions (soluble antigens), with strong antibodies.
A
False
*with weak antibodies
16
Q
antibodies occur in 2 ways
A
- naturally occuring
- immune antibodies
17
Q
Type 2 chain’s linkage
A
beta-1,4 linkage
18
Q
actual genetic makeup or genes inherited
A
genotype
19
Q
Which H gene is most common and cannot make A & B antigen?
A
- most common: HH
- cant make A&B antigen: hh
20
Q
ABH antigens are present in all organs of the body
A
Histo blood group antigen
21
Q
possess A & B antigens → A & B substances
A
plants & bacteria
22
Q
Which antigen has 810,000-1,170,000 antigen sites and a greater sera activity?
A
A1
- *A2 has 240-290*
- *A2 produces 1-8% anti-A1 in their serum*
23
Q
not normally present in a newborn infant
A
antibody
24
Q
discovered forward & backward typing
A
Karl Landsteiner
25
**Antibody**
IgG and not normally present in an individual
immune antibodies
26
**B** gene's enzyme
alpha-3-D-galactosyl transferase
27
* on erythrocyte membrane
* regulates production of H-antigen on erythrocytes
Zz system
28
attaches N-acetylgalactosamine to the 3rd carbon of terminal galactose of H active gene
A gene
29
Give blood group AB's subgroups
*\*There are two.*
1. A1B
2. A2B
30
develops 3-6 months after birth
ABO antibodies
31
chemically immunoglobulin
ABO antibodies
32
regulates H gene activity in secretions but not on RBCs
Se system
33
* *does not affect* formation of ABH antigen on RBC
* *does not control* ABH transferases in hematopoietic tissue
Se system
34
paragloboside conversion depends on the action of?
H gene FUT1 & secretor FUT2
35
How do you differentiate A & B?
* antigen sites
* immunodominant sugar
36
**ABO antibodies**
Present in low titer or even absent in cases of congenital \_\_(1)\_\_ & \_\_(2)\_\_.
* hypogammaglobulinemia
* agammaglobulinemia
37
What are the quantitative factors for A1 & A2 differentiation?
* antigen sites
* alpha 3-N-acetylglucosaminyl concentration
38
lectin herbs
* Dolichos biflorus*
* Ulex europeus*
39
* stimulates antibody production
* can be inhaled & ingested
plants & bacteria
40
Type 1 chain's linkage
beta-1,3 linkage
41
Give the Jansky system sequence:
## Footnote
I:
II:
III:
IV:
I: **_O_**
II: **_A_**
III: **_B_**
IV: **_AB_**
42
observable expression of inherited traits
phenotype
43
Majority of Rh antibodies are ______ that can be acquired.
immune antibodies
44
_True or False_
Antigen is present on the RBC,
but the corresponding antibody is absent
*(vice versa)*
True
45
demonstrated at 2nd month of fetal life
ABO antigen
46
2 other genetic systems that control the expression of ABH genes in body fluids
1. Se system
2. Zz system
47
antibody production peaks when an individual is betwwen
5-10 years of age & progressively declines
48
\_\_\_ antigens can be found in bacteria and other species
ABH
49
present in animals as eels and plants as lectin
ABO antibodies
50
```
# **Fill in the blanks
& True or False**
```
1. ____ is the only one that changes in ABH antigens production
2. Precursor structure stays the same
1. immunodominant sugar
2. True
51
Which antigen has **600,000 antigen sites** and has **less** immunodominant sugar?
A
## Footnote
*\*B has 720,000 antigen sites*
52
* produced by H gene
* catalyzes the **fucose transfer** at **2nd carbon** of terminal D-galactose of precursor from *guanosine-diphosphate glucose*
alpha 2-L-fucosyltransferase
53
Give blood group A's subgroups
*\*There are eight.*
1. A1
2. A2
3. An
4. Al
5. Aint
6. Ax
7. Ay
8. Az
54
described **theory of inheritance** and proposed that each individual inherits an ABO gene from each parent
Felix Bernstein
55
Give blood group B's subgroups
*\*There are seven.*
1. B2
2. B2
3. B3
4. Bells
5. Bx
6. Bm
7. Bw
56
oligosaccharide chains are attached to the red cell mebrane
glycolipid backbone
57
Potential precursor substances for ABH antigens
* Type 1 chain
* Type 2 chain
58
not normally present at birth
ABO antibodies
59
Give the percentages of the ff blood groups:
* Type A =
* Type B =
* Type AB =
* Type O =
* Type A = 40%
* Type B = 11%
* Type AB = 4%
* Type O = 45%
60
* blood type/blood group
* determined by antisera
phenotype
61
neutralize antibody in the antisera
secretors
62
What are the 2 systems to classify the ABO blood groups?
1. Moss system
2. Jansky system
63
At age 1, ____ reach fully strengthens
isoagglutinogen
64
discovered the 4th blood group (AB)
Alfred Decastello & Adriano Sturli
65
results from the interactions of genes at **3 separate loci**
* ABO
* HH
* Se (secretor)
66
**A** gene's enzyme
alpha-2-N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase
67
* amorph
* "silent gene"
* does not produce a detectable gene
O gene
68
catalyzes D-galactose production
B gene
69
Three genotypes of secretor gene FUT2
1. **S**e**S**e
2. **S**ese
3. sese
70
attaches an **immunodominant sugar** to chemical structure of antigen
glycosyltransferase production
71
A & B antigens are fully developed at what years of age?
2-4 years old
72
position occupied by the gene
locus
73
precursor substance for ABH antigens from RBCs is derived from \_\_\_
Type 2 chains
74
Antigen is also known as?
*\*There are two*.
* agglutinogen
* isoantigen
75
ABO antigens may be found in saliva, \_\_\_, and ___ of people who are considered to be secretors.
* pancreatic secretions
* gastric secretions
76
Genes where fuctose is *not* removed
A & B genes
77
responsible for expression of ABH antigens in body fluids
Secretor gene FUT2
78
not implicated to cause hemolytic transfusion reaction and activates complement
ABO antibodies
79
Antibody is also known as
* isoagglutinin
* agglutinin
80
attached to a protein structure
glycoprotein
81
**Antibody**
IgM and is environmentally stimulated
naturally occuring
82
Give the ff genes' acceptors:
* A
* B
* H
* A: **_H antigen_**
* B: **_H antigen_**
* H: **_precursor_**
83
How do you differentiate A1 & A2?
through their **qualitative** and **quantitative** differences
84
naming & classifications of blood groups are determined by:
*\*There are two.*
* presence/absence of **isoantigens** in the **RBC**
* presence/absence of **isoantibodies** in **serum/plasma**
85
proposed a **four allele theory of inheritance**:
* A1
* A2
* B
* O
* A1B
* A2B
Thompson
86
* secretory glands
* controls the appearance of ABH antigen in body fluids
Se system
87
3 possible genes that can be inherited
* A gene
* B gene
* O gene
88
ultimate precursor of A & B antigens
paragloboside
89
discovered ABO blood group systems (A, B, O)
Karl Landsteiner
90
seed extracts are diluted to agglutinate blood group antigens
lectin
91
Give the Moss system sequence:
## Footnote
I:
II:
III:
IV:
I: **_AB_**
II: **_A_**
III: **_B_**
IV: **_O_**
92
genetic constitution which produces the traits
genotype
93
Give 5 fluids where secretors are found
* saliva
* breast milk
* amniotic fluid
* seminal fluid
* ovarian cyst fluid
94
Give the ff genes' **immunodominant sugar**:
* A:
* B:
* H:
* A: **_N-acetylgalactosamine_**
* B: **_D-galactose_**
* H: **_fucose_**
95
occupies the locus
genes
96
supplies the sugar
donor nucleotide
97
greatest amount of H antigen
blood group O
98
Bombay genotype
hh
