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Abortion Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

Want is the maximum acceptable abortion rate on a farm?

A

5%

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2
Q

What are some causes of non-infectious abortion?

A

Nutrition - selenium deficiency, NEB
Hormone abnormalities
Aflatoxins

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3
Q

What abortive agent can cause abortion at any time during gestation?

A

BVD
Salmonella
Arcanobacter pyogenes
Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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4
Q

Which abortive agent only causes abortion in early pregnancy?

A

Trichomonas

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5
Q

What abortive agent only causes abortion in mid pregnancy?

A

Neospora

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6
Q

List some primary abortive agents

A 
Brucella abortus
BVD 
Leptospirosis borgspetersenii
Neospora 
BHV 1
Parainfluenza 3 
Bacillus lichenoformis
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7
Q

List some secondary abortive agents.

A 
Gram +
Arcanobacter pyogenes
Listeria monocytogenes 
Staph aureus
Beta haemolytic strep

Gram - 
E.coli 
Salmonella Dublin
Salmonella typhimurium
Fusobacterium necrophorum Histophilus somni
Leptospira borgspetersenii 
Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Others: Mycoplasma bovigenitalium

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8
Q

What lesions will you find in a foetus infected with BHV1?

A

Centrilobular necrosis of the liver

Bronchitis and vasculitis

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9
Q

What lesions will you find in a foetus with BVD in utero infection?

A

Cerebellar hypoplasia
Cataract
Myocarditis
Pale liver
Hypoxia changes in foetus due to placentitis
Radio-opaque lines in the developing bones

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10
Q

What lesions will you find in a foetus with iodine deficiency?

A

Thyroid hyperplasia

Large thyroid weight compared to BWt

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11
Q

What lesions will you see in selenium and vitamin E deficiency?

A

Myocardial degeneration in foetus
Chorionitis
Evidence of secondary bacterial invasion

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12
Q

When does the foetus start to develop a T cell immune system?

A

90-120 days of gestation

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13
Q

What is a notifiable cause of abortion?

A

Brucella abortus

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14
Q

How can you monitor for brucellosis in a herd and what samples must you take in a suspected case?

A

Bulk milk test - monitoring

Dam blood + vaginal swab + milk sample in a suspected case

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15
Q

How can you control brucellosis?

A

AI

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16
Q

What is a major source of BHV1?

A

The Bulls

Virus lies latent and recrudescence at times of stress

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17
Q

How can you diagnose BHV1?

A

ELISA

Intra-vaginal or intra-nasal swabs for PCR

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18
Q

How can you prevent BHV1?

A

Vaccination

Ensure bull is not infected

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19
Q

What is the most common cause of bovine abortion the uk?

A

Neospora

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20
Q

How is neospora spread?

A

By dogs - oocytes can be shed in faeces

Transplacental transfer from cow to cow

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21
Q

When does neospora cause abortion?

A

4-6 months of gestation

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22
Q

Which group of animals are at the highest risk of abortion?

A

Congenitally infected heifers in their first gestation

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23
Q

What are the possible outcomes of neospora infection?

A

Abortion
Clinically normal Calf born carrying infection
Uninfected weak calf

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24
Q

How can you diagnose neospora infection?

Study These Flashcards
A

Maternal serology
- test ping calf at birth can show dam infection

Brain histopathology on a dead Foetus

25
How can abortion patterns indicate the source of infection with neospora?
Abortion storm - exogenous infection (oocysts) | Endemic, low, chronic levels - endogenous infection (trans-placental)
26
How can you control neospora?
Keep dogs away from cattle feed and water Don't allow dogs to scavenge bovine carcasses Cull seropositives Breed to beef Use sexed semen to get more heifers from uninfected animals
27
At what stage of pregnancy does foetal reabsorption occur with BVD?
0-95 days | 1st trimester
28
At what stage of gestation is a persistently infected calf created if infected with BVD?
95-120 days | 2nd trimester
29
Infection with BVD at what stage of gestation creates a sero-positive foetus +/- congenital lesions, or abortion due to placentitis?
120-285 days | 3rd trimester
30
What BVD bio types cause what types of disease?
Pestivirus genotype 1 is the causative agent of BVD in Europe Non-cytopathic biotype - crosses fetomaternal barrier Cytopathic biotype - mucosal disease
31
What is the effect of BVD infection in the herd?
Lowered pregnancy rate due to reproductive system damage | Abortion
32
What effect does BVD have on the persistently infected calf?
Causes immunosuppression - risk of other disease Poor doers She's virus Get mucosal disease when infected with a cytopathic biotype - ulcerations of the mucosa - diarrhoea - concurrent respiratory disease due to immunosuppression
33
What congenital abnormalities are commonly caused by BVD if infected between 120 and 285 days of gestation?
Cerebellar hypoplasia Micropthalmia Cataracts
34
How can you diagnose BVD in a herd?
Quarterly Bulk milk Ab - doesn't detect PIs Ear tag Ag testing - detects PIs (9-18wo) 5 blood tests bet group - heparin tube for antigen - serum tube for antibodies
35
How can you control BVD in a herd?
Vaccination before the first breeding Test the bull - blood and semen Test any bought in animals Good biosecurity Cull persistently infected animals (ear tag test) Don't co-graze with sheep - border disease risk
36
What are the two strains of leptospirosis that cause abortion in cattle?
Leptospira interrogans Leptospira borgspetersenii Not leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae - causes jaundice and renal failure ZOONOTIC
37
What are the clinical presentation of leptospirosis?
Latent phase - no clinical signs Persistent infection - infertility, shedding into environment Acute infection - abortion, still birth, weak calves Milk drop Flabby bag! Empty and flaccid udders Retained foetal membranes
38
How can you diagnose leptospirosis?
Bulk milk antibody testing - shows infection has been there Microagglutination test on blood serum Immunfluroescence / PCR on aborted tissues, blood or urine = most diagnostic
39
How can you treat leptospirosis?
Long courses of antibiotics Dihydrostreptomycin Oxytetracycline / doxycycline
40
What control methods ca you employ to keep leptospirosis out?
Test or avoid bought in animals Use AI instead of a bull Do not do graze with sheep Fence off water courses Vaccinate all breeding stock and replacements from 4mo - annual boosters
41
What is the most common cause of salmonella abortion in cattle?
Salmonella Dublin | Auto genius vaccines available
42
What is the seasonality of Salmomellosis?
Abortion in September to December
43
What are common sources of salmonella?
Soya | Feed and water contaminated by bird faeces
44
When should you vaccinate against salmonella Dublin?
2 months before calving
45
How else can you control salmonella Dublin?
``` Vaccinate Calve outside in the summer Good hygiene Treat and cases Reduce stress (increases shedding) ```
46
How does campylobacter foetus venereallis present?
Mild endometritis Apparent infertility due to early embryonic loss (1st 3w) Abortion in mid to late gestation (4m onwards)
47
How can you diagnose campylobacter foetus venereallis?
Preputial washing in Bulls | Vaginal mucus aspiration in cows for culture
48
How does abortion due to trichomonas foetus present?
Natural service spreads infection Abortion at 2-4m of gestation Poor pregnancy rates Pyometra Endometritis
49
What should you look for in a foetus post mortem in an abortion investigation?
``` Crown to rump length - indicated gestational age Thyroid gland weight Fractures / haemorrhages Pericarditis Pleuritic Peritonitis Placentitis Liver rupture - dystocia Meningeal haemorrhage / oedema ```
50
What samples should you take in an abortion investigation?
``` Placentome or placenta Spleen - BVD PCR Liver - IBR + bacteriology Stomach contents - salmonella + campylobacter Kidney - leptospirosis Brain - neospora Left ventricle Thyroid Eyelid - ureaplasma & fungal hyphae in hair follicles Paired dam serology ```
51
What causative agents of abortion can be tested for in a bulk milk sample?
BVD Leptospirosis IBR Neospora antibody BVD antigen PCR can be performed on bulk milk tank if there are less than 300 cows
52
What are the problems with bulk milk tank testing?
Dilution effect Need time to develop antibodies Can't tell if it is current infection or historic
53
How can you diagnose campylobacter?
Preputial wash from bull Use phosphate buffered warm saline Prevent faecal and urine contamination of samples Send to lab within 4-6 hours Vaginal mucous collection Collect a minimum of 12 samples from 12 females
54
What approach should you take to managing BVD?
Quarterly bulk milk screening for BVD,p IBR and lepto If negative - continue as normal If positive test 1st lactation heifers Work your way down the different age groups of young stock Pregnant heifers, bulling heifers, growing heifers
55
What would you suspect if the bulk tank is test positive for BVD antibodies but the 1st lactation heifers are BVD negative?
Historic infection
56
How are BVD herds classified using bulk milk tank testing?
Ab negative, Ag negative - BVD free Ab positive, Ag negative - historic infection Ab positive, Ag positive - current infection
57
What is the most obvious sign of IBR in a herd?
Milk drop
58
How can you treat campylobacter?
Systemic streptomycin | Sheath lavage with pen/strep

Farm Animal Reproduction (7 decks)

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