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Gastrointestinal Case > Absorption > Flashcards

Absorption Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

What are the roles of crypt and villi in the small intestine?

A

Crypts- secretion

Villi- Absorption

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2
Q

What part of the small intestine absorbs?

A

Villi

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3
Q

What part of the small intestine secretes?

A

Crypts

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4
Q

What happens to glucose at the small intestine?

A

Absorbed without digestion by the villous epithelial cells into the bloodstream

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5
Q

What happens to sucrose at the small intestine?

A

Brush-border hydrolysis of oligomer to monomers glucose and fructose before being Absorbed by the villous epithelial cells into the bloodstream

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6
Q

What happens to proteins at the small intestine?

A

Luminal hydrolysis of polymer to monomer amino acid then Absorbed by the villous epithelial cells into the bloodstream

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7
Q

What is an oligomer

A

a molecule with a small number of monomers unlike a polymer which has large number of monomers

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8
Q

What are the only sugars allowed to be absorbed by villous epithelial cells?

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

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9
Q

What enzyme breaks down sucrose?

A

Sucrase

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10
Q

What is sucrose broken down into?

A

Fructose

Glucose

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11
Q

What happens to peptides at the small intestine?

A

Absorbed into villous epithelial cell

Intracellular hydrolysis into amino acids before being absorbed into the bloodstream

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12
Q

What happens to peptides at the small intestine?

A

Luminal hydrolysis into mono-glyceride and fatty acids followed by intracellular resynthesis into triglyceride an then absorbed into lacteals of the lymphatic system

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13
Q

What is the difference between peptide and protein?

A

peptide is 2-50 amino acids

Protein is more than 50 amino acids

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14
Q

How is starch converted into simple sugars

A

alpha- amylase begins the process of carbohydrate digestion into maltose maltotriose and alpha-limit dextrins
These are further converted by maltase lactase and sucrase-isomaltase into one or both glucose and fructose

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15
Q

What is carbohydrate- starch initially digested into?

A

maltose maltotriose and alpha-limit dextrins

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16
Q

What is sucrase-isomaltase

A

two enzyme complex

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17
Q

Where are maltase lactase and sucrase-isomaltase located?

A

embedded in the apical membrane of the villous epithelial cells

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18
Q

What does maltase convert?

A

Maltose

Maltotriose

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19
Q

What is maltose broken down into?

A

Two glucoses

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20
Q

What converts alpha-limit dextrins

A

isomaltase of the sucrase-isomaltase

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21
Q

What is alpha-limit dextrins broken down into?

A

maltose maltotriose

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22
Q

What is lactose broken down into?

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A

Galctose and glucose

23
Q

What maltotriose broken down into?

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A

Three glucoses

24
Q

How is glucose absorbed by the bloodstream (process)

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A

going to be transported across the apical membrane of the villous epithelial cell by transporter SGLT1 using the sodium concentration gradient across the cell membrane set up by the action of the sodium potassium ATPase
sodium moves down a favorable electrochemical gradient bringing glucose into the cell
Transported across basolateral membrane by GLUT2 facilitated diffusion

25
What is SGLT1
Na+-coupled glucose transporter
26
What is GLUT 2
Glucose transporter 2- facilitated diffusion
27
How is galactose absorbed by the bloodstream (process)
going to be transported across the apical membrane of the villous epithelial cell by transporter SGLT1 using the sodium concentration gradient across the cell membrane set up by the action of the sodium potassium ATPase sodium moves down a favorable electrochemical gradient bringing galactose into the cell Transported across basolateral membrane by GLUT2 facilitated diffusion
28
How is fructose absorbed by the bloodstream (process)
going to be transported across the apical membrane of the villous epithelial cell via transporter GLUT5 by facilitated diffusion Transported across basolateral membrane by GLUT2
29
What is GLUT 5
Glucose transporter 5 - facilitated diffusion pathway
30
What transporter does glucose use to travel across apical membrane of the villous epithelial cells?
SGLT1
31
What transporter does galactose use to travel across apical membrane of the villous epithelial cells?
SGLT1
32
What transporter does fructose use to travel across apical membrane of the villous epithelial cells?
GLUT2
33
From most to least what parts of the small intestine carry out sugar absorption
duodenum> jejunum>> ileum
34
How amino acids go across apical membrane(Digestion and Absorption of Proteins)
Seven mechanism Some sodium dependant sodium independent
35
How dipeptides and tripeptides go across apical membrane(Digestion and Absorption of Proteins)
Coupled to protons to travel across apical membrane via a symporter (cotransporter) Protons are moving down a favorable gradient across the apical membrane As proton comes in so does peptide
36
Digestion and Absorption of Proteins (mechanisms of breaking down protein)
Proteins by proteases are converted into sections of amino acids e.g (dipeptide, amino acids,etc) Either travel across apical membrane in specific mechanism Or longer peptides broken down at apical membrane to produce amino acids and then transported
37
Ways of digesting and absobing proteins(Digestion and Absorption of Proteins)
Luminal enzymes (proteases) digest proteins to amino acids before absorption by villus epithelial cells. Luminal enzymes digest proteins to peptides, but enzymes in the apical membrane (brush border enzymes) of villus epithelial cells digest the peptides to amino acids before absorption by villus epithelial cells. Luminal enzymes digest proteins to peptides, which are absorbed by villus epithelial cells and then digested within the cell (intracellular enzymes) to amino acids.
38
Digestion and Absorption of Proteins- Source of H+ ions
Sodium proton exchanger exploit the sodium concentration gradient setup by the sodium potassium ATPase secondary active transport acidifies unstirred layer on the apical lumen facing membrane of the villus epithelial cells
39
What type of transporter is sodium proton exchanger?
Antiporter
40
What is secondary active transport?
. Secondary active transport uses the energy stored in these gradients to move other substances against their own gradients.
41
How amino acids go across basal lateral membrane(Digestion and Absorption of Proteins)
3 sodium independant mechanisms
42
From most to least what parts of the small intestine carry out amino acid and peptide absorption?
duodenum> jejunum>> ileum
43
What form are fats in when they are being digested and absorbed?
triglycerides
44
Digestion and Absorption of Fats
``` Triglyceride first converted to emulsion droplets by bile salts Become smaller droplets Pancreatic lipase breaks down into fatty acid and monoglyceride Combined with phospholipid and cholesterol into bile salt micelle Transported into unstirred layer next to brush border partly by diffusion, partly by the non propulsive movements within the small intestine Diffusion of fatty acids and monoglyceride (phospholipids and cholesterol) out of bile micelle cross into the apical lumen facing membrane within the villous epithelial cells within the smooth endoplasmic reticulum resynthesis of fat within chylomicron Chylomicron formation(emuslion droplets) ```
45
What does production of emulsion droplets depend on>
heavily on mechanical activity within the gastrointestinal tract
46
when and why are emulsion droplets made smaller?
Increase the surface area so that lipase can work on it | Happens in stomach and small intestine when churning up
47
Where can lipase work?
between lipid environment of the emotion droplet and the aqueous environment of the small intestine so needs emulsion droplets not raw triglyceride cross the basal lateral membrane by exocytosis delivered into the central lacteal
48
What do triglycerides break down into
Fatty acids | Monoglyceride
49
What does fatty acid and monoglyceride with phospholipids and cholesterol make?
Bile salt micelle
50
What is a bile salt micelle
Combination of phospholipids, cholesterol fatty acid and monoglyceride
51
Where do phospholipids and cholesterol involved in digestion of fats come from ?
liver
52
How is chylomicron formed?
With phospholipids and cholesterol
53
What is emulsion?
Emulsion is a key preliminary step reducing size of lipid droplets and increasing greatly the oil-water interface
54
From most to least what parts of the small intestine carry out amino acid and peptide absorption?
jejunum>duodenum >> ileum

Gastrointestinal Case (11 decks)

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