Abx Flashcards
(400 cards)
1
Q
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric anaphylaxis?
A
Epinephrine (0.01 mg/kg of 1:1000 IM) is the first-line drug for pediatric anaphylaxis.
2
Q
What is the mechanism of action of amoxicillin in pediatric infections?
A
Amoxicillin inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins, leading to cell lysis.
3
Q
What are the common side effects of gentamicin in neonates?
A
Ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and rarely, neuromuscular blockade.
4
Q
Which drug is preferred for patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) closure in preterm infants?
A
Indomethacin or ibuprofen, which inhibit prostaglandin synthesis and promote ductal closure.
5
Q
What is the recommended initial dose of adrenaline for pediatric cardiac arrest?
A
0.01 mg/kg of 1:10000 IV/IO every 3-5 minutes during CPR.
6
Q
What is the therapeutic use of inhaled corticosteroids in children with asthma?
A
They reduce airway inflammation, decrease mucus production, and improve lung function.
7
Q
What is the mechanism of action of ceftriaxone in pediatric sepsis?
A
Ceftriaxone inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins, leading to cell lysis.
8
Q
What is the preferred antibiotic for treating Group A streptococcal pharyngitis in children?
A
Penicillin V or amoxicillin is preferred for its narrow spectrum and high efficacy against Streptococcus pyogenes.
9
Q
Which pediatric drug is known for causing Reye’s syndrome if given during viral infections?
A
Aspirin is associated with Reye’s syndrome when given to children with viral infections.
10
Q
What is the recommended dosing strategy for IV vancomycin in children?
A
15-20 mg/kg/dose every 8-12 hours, adjusted based on trough levels and renal function.
11
Q
What is the mechanism of action of acetaminophen in pediatric fever management?
A
Inhibits COX enzymes, reducing prostaglandin synthesis and lowering the set point of the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center.
12
Q
What is the first-line drug for absence seizures in children?
A
Ethosuximide is the first-line drug for absence seizures in children.
13
Q
What is the most common adverse effect of isotretinoin in adolescents?
A
Dry skin, cheilitis, and teratogenicity.
14
Q
What is the mechanism of action of loratadine in pediatric allergic rhinitis?
A
Loratadine is a selective H1 receptor antagonist, reducing histamine-mediated allergic symptoms.
15
Q
What is the recommended treatment for pediatric iron deficiency anemia?
A
Oral iron supplementation (e.g., ferrous sulfate) is the first-line treatment for iron deficiency anemia.
16
Q
Which drug is used to reverse opioid overdose in children?
A
Naloxone, an opioid receptor antagonist, is used to reverse opioid overdose.
17
Q
What is the mechanism of action of montelukast in pediatric asthma?
A
Montelukast is a leukotriene receptor antagonist that reduces airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction.
18
Q
What is the role of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) in pediatric cardiology?
A
PGE1 maintains ductal patency in duct-dependent congenital heart defects by vasodilating the ductus arteriosus.
19
Q
What is the preferred antibiotic for pediatric acute otitis media?
A
Amoxicillin is the first-line antibiotic for most cases, with a 7-10 day course typically recommended.
20
Q
What is the mechanism of action of ondansetron in pediatric chemotherapy-induced nausea?
A
Ondansetron is a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, reducing nausea and vomiting by blocking serotonin in the gut and brain.
21
Q
What is the first-line antibiotic for treating pediatric pneumonia in outpatient settings?
A
Amoxicillin is the first-line antibiotic for treating pediatric pneumonia in outpatient settings.
22
Q
What is the mechanism of action of furosemide in pediatric heart failure?
A
Furosemide inhibits sodium and chloride reabsorption in the thick ascending loop of Henle, leading to diuresis and reduced preload.
23
Q
What is the recommended drug for treating infantile spasms?
A
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) or vigabatrin is the recommended drug for infantile spasms.
24
Q
What is the therapeutic use of spironolactone in pediatric cardiology?
A
Spironolactone is used as a potassium-sparing diuretic and aldosterone antagonist to reduce fluid overload in heart failure.
25
What is the mechanism of action of racemic epinephrine in croup management?
Racemic epinephrine reduces airway edema by vasoconstriction of arterioles in the subglottic space, improving airflow.
26
What is the first-line treatment for pediatric hypertension?
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors like enalapril or lisinopril are the first-line treatment for pediatric hypertension.
27
What is the mechanism of action of digoxin in pediatric heart failure?
Digoxin increases myocardial contractility by inhibiting the Na+/K+ ATPase pump, increasing intracellular calcium.
28
Which drug is used to treat Kawasaki disease to prevent coronary artery aneurysms?
High-dose aspirin (80-100 mg/kg/day) followed by low-dose aspirin and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG).
29
What is the recommended management for neonatal hypoglycemia?
Frequent feeding, glucose gel, or IV dextrose as needed to maintain blood glucose >45 mg/dL.
30
What is the mechanism of action of acetazolamide in pediatric metabolic alkalosis?
Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, reducing bicarbonate reabsorption in the proximal tubule and promoting acidosis correction.
31
What is the preferred treatment for pediatric migraine prophylaxis?
Propranolol or amitriptyline is often used for pediatric migraine prophylaxis.
32
What is the drug of choice for treating pediatric Lyme disease?
Amoxicillin or doxycycline (if >8 years old) is the drug of choice for pediatric Lyme disease.
33
What is the mechanism of action of dopamine in pediatric shock management?
Low Dose (1-5 mcg/kg/min): Activates D1 and D2 receptors, causing renal and mesenteric vasodilation, increased urine output, and improved renal perfusion.
Moderate Dose (5-10 mcg/kg/min): Primarily β1 adrenergic effects, increasing heart rate, myocardial contractility, and cardiac output.
High Dose (>10 mcg/kg/min): α1 adrenergic stimulation, causing intense peripheral vasoconstriction, raising systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and blood pressure but potentially reducing renal perfusion.
Overall Effects: Enhances cardiac output, increases blood pressure, and supports vital organ perfusion, but must be carefully titrated to avoid excessive vasoconstriction and tachyarrhythmias.
34
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric seizures in the emergency setting?
The first-line drug for treating pediatric seizures in the emergency setting is intravenous (IV) lorazepam.
Key Points:
Lorazepam is preferred due to its rapid onset, long duration of action, and lower risk of respiratory depression compared to diazepam.
If IV access is not available, intramuscular (IM) midazolam or rectal diazepam can be used as alternatives.
Dosing:
Lorazepam: 0.1 mg/kg IV (maximum 4 mg per dose)
Midazolam: 0.2 mg/kg IM or intranasal (maximum 10 mg)
Diazepam: 0.2-0.5 mg/kg rectally (maximum 10 mg)
35
What is the mechanism of action of methotrexate in pediatric rheumatology?
Methotrexate is a folate antagonist, inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase and reducing cell proliferation in autoimmune diseases.
36
What is the first-line drug for treating pertussis in children?
Macrolides like azithromycin or clarithromycin are the first-line treatment for pertussis.
37
What is the preferred antibiotic for treating pediatric pyelonephritis?
Initial IV Therapy: Ceftriaxone or cefotaxime for severe cases.
Oral Therapy: Cefixime or amoxicillin-clavulanate for stable, non-toxic patients.
Adjust based on culture and sensitivity results.
Typical duration: 7-14 days depending on severity and clinical response.
38
What is the mechanism of action of desmopressin in pediatric enuresis?
Desmopressin (DDAVP) acts as a synthetic analog of vasopressin, reducing urine production and increasing urine concentration.
39
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizures?
Valproic acid or levetiracetam is the first-line drug for generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children.
40
What is the therapeutic role of surfactant in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)?
Exogenous surfactant reduces surface tension in alveoli, improving lung compliance and reducing work of breathing in preterm infants.
41
What is the mechanism of action of salbutamol in pediatric asthma?
Salbutamol is a beta-2 adrenergic agonist that relaxes bronchial smooth muscle, reducing airway resistance.
42
What is the first-line treatment for pediatric mycoplasma pneumonia?
Macrolides like azithromycin or clarithromycin are the first-line treatment for pediatric mycoplasma pneumonia.
43
What is the mechanism of action of omeprazole in pediatric GERD?
Omeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor that irreversibly inhibits the H+/K+ ATPase pump in parietal cells, reducing gastric acid secretion.
44
What is the preferred drug for pediatric urinary tract infection (UTI) prophylaxis?
Nitrofurantoin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is commonly used for UTI prophylaxis in children.
45
What is the mechanism of action of ranitidine in pediatric gastritis?
Ranitidine is an H2 receptor antagonist that reduces gastric acid secretion by blocking histamine binding in the stomach.
46
What is the recommended drug for treating pediatric status epilepticus?
Benzodiazepines like lorazepam or diazepam are the first-line drugs for pediatric status epilepticus.
47
What is the mechanism of action of hydroxyurea in sickle cell disease?
Hydroxyurea increases fetal hemoglobin production, reducing sickle cell polymerization and vaso-occlusive episodes.
48
What is the first-line treatment for pediatric bacterial meningitis in infants?
Ampicillin plus gentamicin or cefotaxime is the first-line treatment for bacterial meningitis in neonates.
49
What is the mechanism of action of methadone in pediatric opioid withdrawal?
Methadone is a long-acting opioid agonist that reduces withdrawal symptoms by stabilizing opioid receptors.
50
What is the drug of choice for treating pediatric giardiasis?
Metronidazole or tinidazole is the drug of choice for pediatric giardiasis.
51
What is the therapeutic role of lactulose in pediatric hepatic encephalopathy?
Lactulose reduces ammonia absorption by acidifying the gut and promoting ammonia excretion as ammonium.
52
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric pinworm infection?
Albendazole or pyrantel pamoate is the preferred treatment for pediatric pinworm infection.
53
What is the mechanism of action of prednisone in pediatric autoimmune disorders?
Prednisone is a corticosteroid that suppresses inflammation by inhibiting multiple inflammatory cytokines.
54
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric croup?
Dexamethasone is the first-line drug for treating moderate to severe croup in children.
55
What is the mechanism of action of acetaminophen in reducing fever?
Acetaminophen inhibits COX enzymes in the central nervous system, reducing prostaglandin synthesis and lowering fever.
56
What is the first-line treatment for pediatric attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
Stimulants like methylphenidate or amphetamine are the first-line drugs for pediatric ADHD.
57
What is the drug of choice for treating pediatric toxoplasmosis?
Pyrimethamine plus sulfadiazine with folinic acid is the drug of choice for pediatric toxoplasmosis.
58
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric tinea capitis?
Griseofulvin is the preferred drug for treating pediatric tinea capitis.
59
What is the mechanism of action of dopamine in pediatric septic shock?
Dopamine acts on alpha and beta receptors, increasing cardiac output and blood pressure in septic shock.
60
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric nocturnal enuresis?
Desmopressin (DDAVP) is the first-line drug for pediatric nocturnal enuresis.
61
What is the preferred treatment for pediatric fungal diaper rash?
Topical nystatin or clotrimazole is the preferred treatment for pediatric fungal diaper rash.
62
What is the mechanism of action of lorazepam in pediatric anxiety management?
Lorazepam enhances GABAergic transmission, increasing chloride influx and hyperpolarizing neuronal membranes.
63
What is the first-line antibiotic for pediatric osteomyelitis?
Empiric therapy usually includes cefazolin or clindamycin, with vancomycin for MRSA coverage.
64
What is the recommended drug for pediatric hyperkalemia with ECG changes?
Calcium gluconate, insulin with glucose, albuterol, and sodium bicarbonate are used to stabilize the myocardium and lower potassium.
65
What is the mechanism of action of amiodarone in pediatric arrhythmias?
Amiodarone blocks sodium, potassium, and calcium channels, prolonging the cardiac action potential and refractory period.
66
What is the preferred antibiotic for treating pediatric H. pylori infection?
Amoxicillin plus clarithromycin and a proton pump inhibitor are commonly used for pediatric H. pylori infection.
67
What is the mechanism of action of propranolol in pediatric migraine prophylaxis?
Propranolol is a non-selective beta-blocker that reduces sympathetic nervous system activity and prevents migraine triggers.
68
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric allergic conjunctivitis?
Topical antihistamines like olopatadine or ketotifen are first-line for allergic conjunctivitis.
69
What is the preferred treatment for pediatric tinea corporis?
Topical antifungals like clotrimazole or terbinafine are the preferred treatments for tinea corporis.
70
What is the mechanism of action of dexamethasone in pediatric croup?
Dexamethasone reduces airway inflammation and edema by inhibiting cytokine release and capillary permeability.
71
What is the preferred antibiotic for pediatric dental abscess?
Amoxicillin or clindamycin is the preferred antibiotic for pediatric dental abscess.
72
What is the mechanism of action of baclofen in pediatric spasticity?
Baclofen is a GABA-B receptor agonist that reduces muscle spasticity by inhibiting excitatory neurotransmitter release.
73
What is the first-line drug for pediatric chronic constipation?
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is the first-line drug for pediatric chronic constipation.
74
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric malaria in endemic regions?
Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) like artemether-lumefantrine are preferred for pediatric malaria.
75
What is the mechanism of action of nitrofurantoin in pediatric UTIs?
Nitrofurantoin inhibits bacterial cell wall formation and damages bacterial DNA in the urinary tract.
76
What is the first-line drug for pediatric acute bronchiolitis?
Supportive care with hydration and oxygen is the mainstay; nebulized hypertonic saline may be used in some cases.
77
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric necrotizing enterocolitis?
Broad-spectrum antibiotics like ampicillin and gentamicin or vancomycin with metronidazole are commonly used.
78
What is the mechanism of action of acyclovir in pediatric herpes infections?
Acyclovir inhibits viral DNA polymerase, reducing viral replication in herpes infections.
79
What is the preferred treatment for pediatric MRSA skin infections?
Clindamycin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is preferred for pediatric MRSA skin infections.
80
What is the mechanism of action of spironolactone in pediatric heart failure?
Spironolactone acts as a potassium-sparing diuretic and aldosterone antagonist, reducing fluid retention in heart failure.
81
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric acute otitis externa?
Topical antibiotics like ciprofloxacin or ofloxacin drops are the first-line treatment for acute otitis externa.
82
What is the mechanism of action of lactulose in pediatric hepatic encephalopathy?
Lactulose reduces ammonia absorption by acidifying the colon and converting ammonia to ammonium for excretion.
83
What is the preferred treatment for pediatric GABHS pharyngitis?
Penicillin V or amoxicillin is the preferred treatment for group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis.
84
What is the mechanism of action of albuterol in pediatric asthma?
Albuterol is a beta-2 adrenergic agonist that relaxes bronchial smooth muscle, reducing airway resistance and wheezing.
85
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric severe croup with stridor at rest?
Nebulized or IM epinephrine along with systemic corticosteroids like dexamethasone is the first-line treatment.
86
What is the preferred treatment for pediatric scabies?
Topical permethrin or oral ivermectin is the preferred treatment for pediatric scabies.
87
What is the mechanism of action of acetazolamide in pediatric metabolic alkalosis?
Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that reduces bicarbonate reabsorption in the proximal tubule, correcting metabolic alkalosis.
88
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric GERD?
Proton pump inhibitors like omeprazole or H2 blockers like ranitidine are the first-line drugs for pediatric GERD.
89
What is the preferred drug for pediatric respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) prophylaxis?
Palivizumab is the preferred drug for RSV prophylaxis in high-risk infants.
90
What is the mechanism of action of diazepam in pediatric seizure management?
Diazepam enhances GABAergic transmission, increasing chloride influx and hyperpolarizing neuronal membranes to reduce seizure activity.
91
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric pinworm infection?
Albendazole or pyrantel pamoate is the preferred drug for treating pediatric pinworm infection.
92
What is the mechanism of action of valproic acid in pediatric epilepsy?
Valproic acid increases GABA levels and reduces neuronal firing by inhibiting voltage-gated sodium channels.
93
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric OCD?
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) like fluoxetine are the first-line drugs for pediatric OCD.
94
What is the preferred drug for pediatric lead poisoning?
Oral chelating agents like succimer (DMSA) or intravenous calcium disodium EDTA are used for pediatric lead poisoning.
95
What is the mechanism of action of dantrolene in pediatric malignant hyperthermia?
Dantrolene inhibits calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, reducing muscle contraction and hyperthermia.
96
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric bacterial sinusitis?
Amoxicillin or amoxicillin-clavulanate is the preferred drug for treating pediatric bacterial sinusitis.
97
What is the preferred drug for pediatric chronic idiopathic constipation?
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is the preferred drug for pediatric chronic idiopathic constipation.
98
What is the mechanism of action of propranolol in pediatric thyrotoxicosis?
Propranolol reduces heart rate and tremors by blocking beta-adrenergic receptors in thyrotoxicosis.
99
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric varicella (chickenpox)?
Acyclovir is the preferred drug for treating pediatric varicella, especially in high-risk patients.
100
What is the mechanism of action of tamsulosin in pediatric urolithiasis?
Tamsulosin is an alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist that relaxes smooth muscle in the urinary tract, aiding stone passage.
101
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric bacterial conjunctivitis?
Topical antibiotics like erythromycin or polymyxin B-trimethoprim are the first-line drugs for bacterial conjunctivitis.
102
What is the mechanism of action of ranitidine in pediatric GERD?
Ranitidine is an H2 receptor antagonist that reduces gastric acid secretion by blocking histamine at H2 receptors in the stomach.
103
What is the preferred drug for pediatric moderate to severe Crohn's disease?
Infliximab or adalimumab (TNF-alpha inhibitors) are preferred for moderate to severe Crohn's disease.
104
What is the mechanism of action of methotrexate in pediatric rheumatoid arthritis?
Methotrexate inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, reducing DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in autoimmune conditions.
105
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric tinea capitis?
Oral griseofulvin is the first-line drug for pediatric tinea capitis.
106
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric neonatal sepsis?
Ampicillin and gentamicin, or cefotaxime, are preferred for empirical neonatal sepsis treatment.
107
What is the mechanism of action of ondansetron in pediatric chemotherapy-induced nausea?
Ondansetron is a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist that blocks serotonin receptors in the gut and brain to prevent nausea.
108
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis?
Swallowed topical corticosteroids (e.g., fluticasone) or oral budesonide are first-line for eosinophilic esophagitis.
109
What is the preferred drug for pediatric gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
Proton pump inhibitors (e.g., omeprazole) or H2 receptor antagonists (e.g., ranitidine) are commonly used for GERD.
110
What is the mechanism of action of loratadine in pediatric allergic rhinitis?
Loratadine is a selective H1 receptor antagonist, reducing histamine-mediated allergic symptoms.
111
What is the preferred treatment for pediatric ringworm (tinea corporis)?
Topical antifungals like clotrimazole or terbinafine are preferred for tinea corporis.
112
What is the mechanism of action of inhaled corticosteroids in pediatric asthma?
Inhaled corticosteroids reduce airway inflammation by inhibiting cytokine production and inflammatory cell activation.
113
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)?
Combination chemotherapy protocols (e.g., vincristine, prednisone, and asparaginase) are first-line for ALL.
114
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric head lice?
Topical permethrin or oral ivermectin is the preferred treatment for pediatric head lice.
115
What is the mechanism of action of metformin in pediatric type 2 diabetes?
Metformin decreases hepatic glucose production and increases peripheral insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes.
116
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric atopic dermatitis?
Topical corticosteroids (e.g., hydrocortisone) are first-line for atopic dermatitis.
117
What is the preferred drug for pediatric cyclic vomiting syndrome?
Cyproheptadine or amitriptyline are commonly used for cyclic vomiting syndrome.
118
What is the mechanism of action of dornase alfa in pediatric cystic fibrosis?
Dornase alfa cleaves extracellular DNA in mucus, reducing its viscosity in cystic fibrosis patients.
119
What is the first-line drug for pediatric immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)?
Corticosteroids like prednisone or IVIG are first-line for ITP in children.
120
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)?
Methotrexate is the preferred disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) for JIA.
121
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric nephrotic syndrome?
Corticosteroids like prednisone are the preferred initial treatment for pediatric nephrotic syndrome.
122
What is the mechanism of action of furosemide in pediatric fluid overload?
Furosemide inhibits sodium and chloride reabsorption in the thick ascending loop of Henle, promoting diuresis.
123
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric immune-mediated thrombocytopenia?
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) or corticosteroids like prednisone are first-line for immune thrombocytopenia.
124
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric bacterial endocarditis?
Empiric therapy often includes vancomycin plus ceftriaxone or gentamicin for pediatric bacterial endocarditis.
125
What is the mechanism of action of ribavirin in pediatric viral infections?
Ribavirin inhibits viral RNA synthesis by interfering with viral RNA polymerase.
126
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric focal seizures?
Levetiracetam is a first-line drug for pediatric focal seizures due to its broad-spectrum activity and safety profile.
127
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric hemophilia A?
Factor VIII replacement therapy is the preferred treatment for pediatric hemophilia A.
128
What is the mechanism of action of gentamicin in neonatal sepsis?
Gentamicin binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit, inhibiting protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria.
129
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric chronic idiopathic urticaria?
Second-generation antihistamines like cetirizine or loratadine are first-line for chronic idiopathic urticaria.
130
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric osteosarcoma?
Combination chemotherapy including methotrexate, doxorubicin, and cisplatin is preferred for osteosarcoma.
131
What is the mechanism of action of tacrolimus in pediatric organ transplantation?
Tacrolimus inhibits calcineurin, suppressing T-cell activation and reducing immune response in transplantation.
132
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric severe asthma exacerbations?
Systemic corticosteroids like methylprednisolone are first-line for severe asthma exacerbations.
133
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric cystic fibrosis pulmonary exacerbations?
Combination antibiotics like tobramycin and piperacillin-tazobactam are preferred for CF pulmonary exacerbations.
134
What is the mechanism of action of propranolol in treating pediatric hemangiomas?
Propranolol inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling, reducing hemangioma growth and proliferation.
135
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric autoimmune hepatitis?
Corticosteroids like prednisone are the first-line treatment for autoimmune hepatitis in children.
136
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric neonatal abstinence syndrome?
Morphine or methadone is commonly used for neonatal abstinence syndrome to control withdrawal symptoms.
137
What is the mechanism of action of levetiracetam in pediatric epilepsy?
Levetiracetam binds to synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, reducing neurotransmitter release and neuronal excitability.
138
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric generalized anxiety disorder?
SSRIs like fluoxetine or sertraline are first-line for pediatric generalized anxiety disorder.
139
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis?
Swallowed topical corticosteroids like fluticasone or oral budesonide are preferred for eosinophilic esophagitis.
140
What is the mechanism of action of infliximab in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease?
Infliximab is a TNF-alpha inhibitor that reduces inflammation by blocking TNF-alpha signaling in IBD.
141
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric Lyme disease?
Amoxicillin or doxycycline (if the child is older than 8 years) is the first-line drug for pediatric Lyme disease.
142
What is the mechanism of action of acyclovir in pediatric herpes infections?
Acyclovir inhibits viral DNA polymerase, preventing viral DNA synthesis and replication.
143
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric septic arthritis?
Empiric therapy with cefazolin or clindamycin, plus vancomycin if MRSA is suspected, is preferred for septic arthritis.
144
What is the mechanism of action of omalizumab in pediatric asthma?
Omalizumab is a monoclonal antibody that binds to IgE, reducing allergic inflammation in asthma.
145
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
SSRIs like fluoxetine are the first-line drugs for pediatric OCD.
146
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric iron deficiency anemia?
Oral iron supplementation (e.g., ferrous sulfate) is the preferred treatment for iron deficiency anemia.
147
What is the mechanism of action of warfarin in pediatric anticoagulation?
Warfarin inhibits vitamin K-dependent clotting factors (II, VII, IX, X), reducing blood coagulation.
148
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric syphilis?
Penicillin G is the first-line drug for pediatric syphilis.
149
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric ventricular arrhythmias?
Amiodarone or beta-blockers like propranolol are preferred for ventricular arrhythmias in children.
150
What is the mechanism of action of bisphosphonates in pediatric bone disorders?
Bisphosphonates inhibit osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, increasing bone density and reducing fracture risk.
151
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections?
Antipseudomonal beta-lactams like piperacillin-tazobactam or ceftazidime are first-line for Pseudomonas infections.
152
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric idiopathic pulmonary hypertension?
Endothelin receptor antagonists like bosentan or phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors like sildenafil are preferred.
153
What is the mechanism of action of azithromycin in pediatric respiratory infections?
Azithromycin binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit, inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis and reducing inflammation.
154
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?
Clindamycin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is preferred for community-acquired MRSA.
155
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric bacterial peritonitis?
Third-generation cephalosporins like ceftriaxone or cefotaxime are preferred for bacterial peritonitis.
156
What is the mechanism of action of fluticasone in pediatric asthma management?
Fluticasone reduces airway inflammation by inhibiting cytokine production and inflammatory cell infiltration.
157
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric osteogenesis imperfecta?
Bisphosphonates like pamidronate are the first-line drugs for osteogenesis imperfecta.
158
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric primary adrenal insufficiency?
Hydrocortisone or fludrocortisone is the preferred drug for primary adrenal insufficiency in children.
159
What is the mechanism of action of lorazepam in pediatric status epilepticus?
Lorazepam enhances GABAergic transmission, increasing chloride influx and hyperpolarizing neuronal membranes to terminate seizures.
160
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric bacterial vaginosis?
Metronidazole or clindamycin is the first-line drug for pediatric bacterial vaginosis.
161
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric Kawasaki disease?
High-dose aspirin and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) are the first-line drugs for Kawasaki disease.
162
What is the mechanism of action of oseltamivir in pediatric influenza?
Oseltamivir inhibits neuraminidase, blocking viral release from infected cells in influenza.
163
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric urinary tract infections (UTIs)?
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or nitrofurantoin is commonly used for pediatric UTIs.
164
What is the mechanism of action of methadone in pediatric opioid withdrawal?
Methadone is a long-acting opioid agonist that reduces withdrawal symptoms by stabilizing opioid receptors.
165
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric rheumatoid arthritis?
Methotrexate is the first-line disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) for pediatric rheumatoid arthritis.
166
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric Clostridioides difficile colitis?
Oral vancomycin or fidaxomicin is preferred for pediatric C. difficile colitis.
167
What is the mechanism of action of acyclovir in pediatric varicella infections?
Acyclovir inhibits viral DNA polymerase, preventing viral DNA synthesis and replication in varicella infections.
168
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP)?
Supportive care with hydration and pain management is the mainstay of HSP treatment; corticosteroids may be used for severe cases.
169
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric rickets due to vitamin D deficiency?
Vitamin D supplementation (e.g., cholecalciferol or ergocalciferol) is the preferred treatment for rickets.
170
What is the mechanism of action of dornase alfa in pediatric cystic fibrosis?
Dornase alfa cleaves extracellular DNA in thick mucus, reducing viscosity and improving lung function in cystic fibrosis.
171
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
Intravenous fluids with insulin are the mainstay for treating DKA in children.
172
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric Lyme carditis?
Intravenous ceftriaxone or cefotaxime is the preferred drug for treating pediatric Lyme carditis.
173
What is the mechanism of action of metoclopramide in pediatric nausea?
Metoclopramide is a dopamine receptor antagonist that enhances gastrointestinal motility and reduces nausea.
174
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric gastroenteritis with severe dehydration?
Oral rehydration solutions (ORS) are the first-line treatment for severe dehydration in pediatric gastroenteritis.
175
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric eosinophilic gastroenteritis?
Glucocorticoids and elimination diets are the preferred treatments for eosinophilic gastroenteritis.
176
What is the mechanism of action of spironolactone in pediatric heart failure?
Spironolactone acts as an aldosterone antagonist, reducing sodium retention and fluid overload in heart failure.
177
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric primary hypertension?
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors like enalapril or lisinopril are the first-line drugs for pediatric hypertension.
178
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric hyperammonemia?
Ammonia scavengers like sodium phenylbutyrate or sodium benzoate are used for hyperammonemia in urea cycle disorders.
179
What is the mechanism of action of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) in pediatric autoimmune disorders?
IVIG provides passive immunity by supplying a broad range of antibodies and modulating the immune response.
180
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)?
Hydrocortisone or fludrocortisone is the first-line treatment for CAH to replace deficient adrenal hormones.
181
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric acute bronchiolitis?
Supportive care with hydration, oxygen, and nasal suctioning is the mainstay of treatment for acute bronchiolitis.
182
What is the mechanism of action of inhaled nitric oxide in pediatric pulmonary hypertension?
Inhaled nitric oxide selectively relaxes pulmonary vascular smooth muscle, reducing pulmonary hypertension.
183
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric trichomoniasis?
Oral metronidazole is the preferred drug for pediatric trichomoniasis.
184
What is the mechanism of action of ampicillin in pediatric sepsis?
Ampicillin inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins, causing cell lysis.
185
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric cholestasis with pruritus?
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is the first-line drug for cholestasis with pruritus.
186
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric achalasia?
Pneumatic dilation or surgical myotomy is the preferred treatment for pediatric achalasia.
187
What is the mechanism of action of dexamethasone in pediatric brain edema?
Dexamethasone reduces cerebral edema by stabilizing cell membranes and reducing inflammation.
188
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric cystitis?
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or nitrofurantoin is commonly used for pediatric cystitis.
189
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric hyperkalemia?
Calcium gluconate, insulin with glucose, and sodium bicarbonate are used to stabilize the myocardium and reduce potassium levels.
190
What is the mechanism of action of clonidine in pediatric ADHD?
Clonidine is an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that reduces sympathetic outflow and improves ADHD symptoms.
191
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric botulism?
Botulism immune globulin (BIG-IV) is the first-line drug for pediatric botulism.
192
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric peptic ulcer disease?
Proton pump inhibitors (e.g., omeprazole) are the preferred drugs for peptic ulcer disease in children.
193
What is the mechanism of action of sodium bicarbonate in pediatric metabolic acidosis?
Sodium bicarbonate buffers excess hydrogen ions, correcting metabolic acidosis by increasing blood pH.
194
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric hypercalcemia?
Intravenous fluids, bisphosphonates, and calcitonin are first-line treatments for pediatric hypercalcemia.
195
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric Turner syndrome with growth delay?
Growth hormone (somatropin) is the preferred drug for Turner syndrome with growth delay.
196
What is the mechanism of action of dantrolene in pediatric malignant hyperthermia?
Dantrolene inhibits calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, reducing muscle contraction and hyperthermia.
197
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric acne vulgaris?
Topical retinoids (e.g., tretinoin) are the first-line drugs for pediatric acne vulgaris.
198
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric metabolic acidosis due to renal tubular acidosis?
Alkali therapy (e.g., sodium bicarbonate or potassium citrate) is the preferred treatment for RTA-related metabolic acidosis.
199
What is the mechanism of action of insulin in pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis?
Insulin facilitates glucose uptake and inhibits lipolysis, reducing ketone production in DKA.
200
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)?
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) or corticosteroids are the first-line drugs for pediatric ITP.
201
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric varicella (chickenpox) in immunocompromised patients?
Intravenous acyclovir is the first-line drug for varicella in immunocompromised children.
202
What is the mechanism of action of metronidazole in pediatric anaerobic infections?
Metronidazole disrupts DNA synthesis in anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, leading to cell death.
203
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric hypocalcemia?
Calcium gluconate or calcium chloride is the preferred treatment for acute hypocalcemia in children.
204
What is the mechanism of action of pyridoxine in pediatric seizures due to pyridoxine deficiency?
Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) is a cofactor for glutamate decarboxylase, enhancing GABA synthesis and reducing seizures.
205
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric lupus nephritis?
Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone) with mycophenolate mofetil or cyclophosphamide are first-line for lupus nephritis.
206
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric generalized tonic-clonic seizures?
Levetiracetam or valproic acid is preferred for pediatric generalized tonic-clonic seizures.
207
What is the mechanism of action of propranolol in treating pediatric migraines?
Propranolol reduces migraine frequency by blocking beta-adrenergic receptors, reducing sympathetic nerve activity.
208
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric pinworm infection?
Albendazole or pyrantel pamoate is the first-line drug for treating pediatric pinworm infection.
209
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric severe refractory asthma?
Monoclonal antibodies like omalizumab or systemic corticosteroids are preferred for severe refractory asthma.
210
What is the mechanism of action of clindamycin in pediatric osteomyelitis?
Clindamycin inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit.
211
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric syphilis?
Penicillin G is the first-line drug for treating pediatric syphilis.
212
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric adrenal crisis?
Intravenous hydrocortisone is the preferred drug for adrenal crisis to replace deficient cortisol.
213
What is the mechanism of action of desmopressin in pediatric central diabetes insipidus?
Desmopressin is a synthetic analog of vasopressin that increases water reabsorption in the kidneys.
214
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric status epilepticus?
Benzodiazepines like lorazepam or diazepam are the first-line drugs for pediatric status epilepticus.
215
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) infections?
Cefazolin or nafcillin is the preferred drug for MSSA infections in children.
216
What is the mechanism of action of nystatin in pediatric oral thrush?
Nystatin binds to ergosterol in fungal cell membranes, creating pores and causing cell lysis.
217
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis?
Swallowed topical corticosteroids like fluticasone or oral budesonide are first-line for eosinophilic esophagitis.
218
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric bacterial tracheitis?
Broad-spectrum IV antibiotics like ceftriaxone and vancomycin are preferred for bacterial tracheitis.
219
What is the mechanism of action of lorazepam in pediatric seizure management?
Lorazepam enhances GABAergic transmission, increasing chloride influx and hyperpolarizing neuronal membranes.
220
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
Proton pump inhibitors (e.g., omeprazole) or H2 receptor antagonists (e.g., ranitidine) are commonly used for GERD.
221
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric refractory epilepsy?
Levetiracetam or valproic acid is preferred for treating pediatric refractory epilepsy.
222
What is the mechanism of action of cyclophosphamide in pediatric oncology?
Cyclophosphamide alkylates DNA, cross-linking DNA strands and inhibiting cell replication.
223
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric neonatal hypoglycemia?
Intravenous dextrose (e.g., D10W) is the preferred treatment for neonatal hypoglycemia.
224
What is the mechanism of action of phenytoin in pediatric seizure management?
Phenytoin blocks voltage-gated sodium channels, stabilizing neuronal membranes and preventing seizures.
225
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric autoimmune hemolytic anemia?
Corticosteroids like prednisone are the first-line drugs for autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
226
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric cystic fibrosis with Pseudomonas infection?
Combination antibiotics like tobramycin and piperacillin-tazobactam are preferred for CF with Pseudomonas infection.
227
What is the mechanism of action of azathioprine in pediatric autoimmune diseases?
Azathioprine inhibits purine synthesis, reducing DNA and RNA synthesis in rapidly dividing immune cells.
228
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?
Thiazide diuretics like hydrochlorothiazide are preferred for pediatric nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.
229
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric hyperthyroidism?
Methimazole or propylthiouracil (PTU) is preferred for pediatric hyperthyroidism.
230
What is the mechanism of action of methotrexate in pediatric autoimmune disorders?
Methotrexate inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, reducing folate availability and inhibiting cell proliferation.
231
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric hypertension in chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
ACE inhibitors like enalapril or lisinopril are first-line for pediatric hypertension in CKD.
232
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric severe gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
Proton pump inhibitors (e.g., omeprazole) are the preferred drugs for severe pediatric GERD.
233
What is the mechanism of action of inhaled corticosteroids in pediatric asthma?
Inhaled corticosteroids reduce airway inflammation by inhibiting cytokine production and inflammatory cell recruitment.
234
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric tinea capitis?
Oral griseofulvin is the first-line drug for pediatric tinea capitis.
235
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric secondary hyperparathyroidism in CKD?
Vitamin D analogs like calcitriol or paricalcitol are preferred for secondary hyperparathyroidism in CKD.
236
What is the mechanism of action of pyrimethamine in pediatric toxoplasmosis?
Pyrimethamine inhibits dihydrofolate reductase in Toxoplasma parasites, reducing folic acid synthesis.
237
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)?
Corticosteroids like prednisone or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) are first-line for chronic ITP.
238
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric neonatal sepsis?
Ampicillin plus gentamicin or cefotaxime is the preferred treatment for neonatal sepsis.
239
What is the mechanism of action of ivacaftor in pediatric cystic fibrosis?
Ivacaftor potentiates the CFTR protein, enhancing chloride transport in CF patients with specific mutations.
240
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?
Aminosalicylates (e.g., mesalamine) or biologics (e.g., infliximab) are preferred for treating IBD.
241
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric bacterial meningitis in neonates?
Ampicillin plus gentamicin or cefotaxime is the preferred treatment for neonatal bacterial meningitis.
242
What is the mechanism of action of ceftriaxone in pediatric infections?
Ceftriaxone inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins, leading to cell lysis.
243
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric community-acquired pneumonia?
Amoxicillin or azithromycin is the preferred drug for treating pediatric community-acquired pneumonia.
244
What is the mechanism of action of vancomycin in pediatric sepsis?
Vancomycin inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to D-Ala-D-Ala residues, preventing cross-linking.
245
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric anaphylaxis?
Epinephrine (0.01 mg/kg of 1:1000 IM) is the first-line drug for pediatric anaphylaxis.
246
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric iron overdose?
Deferoxamine is the preferred drug for treating pediatric iron overdose.
247
What is the mechanism of action of norepinephrine in pediatric septic shock?
Norepinephrine acts on alpha-1 and beta-1 adrenergic receptors, increasing blood pressure and cardiac output in septic shock.
248
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric hepatitis B infection?
Entecavir or tenofovir is the preferred drug for pediatric hepatitis B infection.
249
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric H. pylori infection?
Triple therapy with amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and a proton pump inhibitor (e.g., omeprazole) is preferred for H. pylori infection.
250
What is the mechanism of action of epinephrine in pediatric anaphylaxis?
Epinephrine stimulates alpha and beta adrenergic receptors, causing vasoconstriction, bronchodilation, and increased heart rate.
251
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
Stimulants like methylphenidate or amphetamine are the first-line drugs for pediatric ADHD.
252
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric severe hyperlipidemia?
Statins (e.g., atorvastatin) are the preferred drugs for treating pediatric severe hyperlipidemia.
253
What is the mechanism of action of bisphosphonates in pediatric osteoporosis?
Bisphosphonates inhibit osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, increasing bone density and reducing fracture risk.
254
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)?
Adenotonsillectomy is the first-line treatment for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea.
255
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)?
Broad-spectrum antibiotics like ampicillin and gentamicin or vancomycin and metronidazole are preferred for NEC.
256
What is the mechanism of action of cyclophosphamide in pediatric nephrotic syndrome?
Cyclophosphamide alkylates DNA, suppressing the immune response in severe nephrotic syndrome.
257
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric hypoparathyroidism?
Active vitamin D analogs like calcitriol are the first-line drugs for hypoparathyroidism.
258
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric primary hyperparathyroidism?
Parathyroidectomy is the preferred treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism in children.
259
What is the mechanism of action of corticosteroids in pediatric asthma exacerbations?
Corticosteroids reduce airway inflammation by inhibiting cytokine production and reducing capillary permeability.
260
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric neonatal jaundice?
Phototherapy is the first-line treatment for neonatal jaundice, with exchange transfusion for severe cases.
261
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in preterm infants?
Indomethacin or ibuprofen is the first-line drug for PDA closure in preterm infants.
262
What is the mechanism of action of indomethacin in PDA closure?
Indomethacin inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX), reducing prostaglandin synthesis and promoting ductal closure.
263
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)?
Combination chemotherapy including vincristine, prednisone, and asparaginase is preferred for ALL.
264
What is the mechanism of action of tacrolimus in pediatric transplant patients?
Tacrolimus inhibits calcineurin, suppressing T-cell activation and reducing immune response in transplant patients.
265
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric central diabetes insipidus?
Desmopressin (DDAVP) is the first-line drug for central diabetes insipidus.
266
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric hyperammonemia in urea cycle disorders?
Ammonia scavengers like sodium phenylbutyrate or sodium benzoate are preferred for hyperammonemia.
267
What is the mechanism of action of rituximab in pediatric autoimmune diseases?
Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody that targets CD20 on B cells, leading to B cell depletion.
268
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric bacterial conjunctivitis?
Topical antibiotics like erythromycin or polymyxin B-trimethoprim are the first-line drugs for bacterial conjunctivitis.
269
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric Clostridioides difficile infection?
Oral vancomycin or fidaxomicin is preferred for C. difficile infection in children.
270
What is the mechanism of action of sildenafil in pediatric pulmonary hypertension?
Sildenafil is a phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitor that relaxes pulmonary vascular smooth muscle, reducing pulmonary pressure.
271
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric severe asthma exacerbations?
Systemic corticosteroids like methylprednisolone are first-line for severe asthma exacerbations.
272
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
Proton pump inhibitors (e.g., omeprazole) or H2 receptor antagonists (e.g., ranitidine) are commonly used for GERD.
273
What is the mechanism of action of mycophenolate mofetil in pediatric transplant patients?
Mycophenolate mofetil inhibits inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, reducing T and B cell proliferation.
274
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP)?
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) or corticosteroids like prednisone are first-line for primary ITP.
275
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) skin infections?
Clindamycin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is preferred for MRSA skin infections.
276
What is the mechanism of action of bosentan in pediatric pulmonary hypertension?
Bosentan is an endothelin receptor antagonist that reduces pulmonary vascular resistance in pulmonary hypertension.
277
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis?
Swallowed topical corticosteroids like fluticasone or oral budesonide are first-line for eosinophilic esophagitis.
278
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric bacterial tracheitis?
Broad-spectrum IV antibiotics like ceftriaxone and vancomycin are preferred for bacterial tracheitis.
279
What is the mechanism of action of palivizumab in pediatric respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) prophylaxis?
Palivizumab is a monoclonal antibody that binds to the F protein of RSV, preventing viral entry into cells.
280
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric neonatal abstinence syndrome?
Morphine or methadone is the first-line drug for neonatal abstinence syndrome to control withdrawal symptoms.
281
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)?
Adenosine is the first-line drug for treating pediatric supraventricular tachycardia (SVT).
282
What is the mechanism of action of adenosine in pediatric arrhythmias?
Adenosine blocks atrioventricular (AV) node conduction, interrupting re-entrant circuits and terminating SVT.
283
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric neonatal abstinence syndrome?
Morphine or methadone is commonly used for neonatal abstinence syndrome to control withdrawal symptoms.
284
What is the mechanism of action of octreotide in pediatric GI bleeding?
Octreotide inhibits the release of vasoactive hormones and reduces splanchnic blood flow, reducing GI bleeding.
285
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric scabies?
Topical permethrin or oral ivermectin is the first-line treatment for pediatric scabies.
286
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric primary adrenal insufficiency?
Hydrocortisone or fludrocortisone is the preferred drug for primary adrenal insufficiency.
287
What is the mechanism of action of dornase alfa in pediatric cystic fibrosis?
Dornase alfa cleaves extracellular DNA in thick mucus, reducing viscosity and improving lung function in cystic fibrosis.
288
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric ventricular tachycardia?
Amiodarone or lidocaine is the first-line drug for pediatric ventricular tachycardia.
289
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) like fluoxetine or sertraline are preferred for pediatric GAD.
290
What is the mechanism of action of loratadine in pediatric allergic rhinitis?
Loratadine is a selective H1 receptor antagonist, reducing histamine-mediated allergic symptoms.
291
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric immune thrombocytopenia (ITP)?
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) or corticosteroids like prednisone are first-line for ITP in children.
292
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric neonatal seizures?
Phenobarbital is the preferred drug for treating neonatal seizures.
293
What is the mechanism of action of cyclophosphamide in pediatric nephrotic syndrome?
Cyclophosphamide alkylates DNA, suppressing the immune response in severe nephrotic syndrome.
294
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric hyperinsulinism?
Diazoxide is the first-line drug for treating pediatric hyperinsulinism.
295
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric metabolic acidosis in renal tubular acidosis (RTA)?
Alkali therapy (e.g., sodium bicarbonate or potassium citrate) is the preferred treatment for RTA-related metabolic acidosis.
296
What is the mechanism of action of ribavirin in pediatric viral infections?
Ribavirin inhibits viral RNA synthesis by interfering with viral RNA polymerase.
297
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric refractory epilepsy?
Levetiracetam or valproic acid is preferred for treating pediatric refractory epilepsy.
298
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric Wilson disease?
Chelation therapy with D-penicillamine or trientine is the preferred drug for Wilson disease.
299
What is the mechanism of action of propranolol in treating pediatric hemangiomas?
Propranolol inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling, reducing hemangioma growth and proliferation.
300
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)?
Nusinersen or onasemnogene abeparvovec is the first-line drug for treating spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).
301
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric acute otitis media?
Amoxicillin is the first-line drug for treating pediatric acute otitis media.
302
What is the mechanism of action of amoxicillin in pediatric infections?
Amoxicillin inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins, leading to cell lysis.
303
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric gastroenteritis with dehydration?
Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is the preferred treatment for pediatric gastroenteritis with dehydration.
304
What is the mechanism of action of acetaminophen in pediatric fever management?
Acetaminophen inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, reducing prostaglandin synthesis and lowering fever.
305
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric streptococcal pharyngitis?
Penicillin V or amoxicillin is the first-line drug for treating pediatric streptococcal pharyngitis.
306
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia?
Antipseudomonal beta-lactams like piperacillin-tazobactam or ceftazidime are preferred for Pseudomonas pneumonia.
307
What is the mechanism of action of gentamicin in pediatric sepsis?
Gentamicin binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit, inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis in gram-negative bacteria.
308
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric functional constipation?
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is the first-line drug for pediatric functional constipation.
309
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric head lice?
Topical permethrin or oral ivermectin is the preferred drug for treating pediatric head lice.
310
What is the mechanism of action of albendazole in pediatric parasitic infections?
Albendazole inhibits microtubule polymerization, disrupting glucose uptake in parasites.
311
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric community-acquired pneumonia in children over 5 years?
Amoxicillin or macrolides like azithromycin are the first-line drugs for CAP in children over 5 years.
312
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
Proton pump inhibitors (e.g., omeprazole) or H2 receptor antagonists (e.g., ranitidine) are commonly used for GERD.
313
What is the mechanism of action of clindamycin in pediatric osteomyelitis?
Clindamycin inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, preventing peptide chain elongation.
314
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric tinea capitis?
Oral griseofulvin is the first-line drug for pediatric tinea capitis.
315
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric iron deficiency anemia?
Oral iron supplementation (e.g., ferrous sulfate) is the preferred treatment for iron deficiency anemia.
316
What is the mechanism of action of desmopressin in pediatric central diabetes insipidus?
Desmopressin (DDAVP) is a synthetic analog of vasopressin that increases water reabsorption in the kidneys.
317
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric bacterial tracheitis?
Broad-spectrum IV antibiotics like ceftriaxone and vancomycin are preferred for bacterial tracheitis.
318
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric Lyme disease?
Amoxicillin or doxycycline (if the child is older than 8 years) is the first-line drug for pediatric Lyme disease.
319
What is the mechanism of action of hydroxyurea in pediatric sickle cell disease?
Hydroxyurea increases fetal hemoglobin production, reducing sickle cell polymerization and vaso-occlusive crises.
320
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)?
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) or corticosteroids like prednisone are first-line for ITP in children.
321
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric asthma exacerbations in the emergency setting?
Inhaled short-acting beta-agonists (e.g., albuterol) are the first-line drugs for pediatric asthma exacerbations.
322
What is the mechanism of action of montelukast in pediatric asthma?
Montelukast is a leukotriene receptor antagonist that reduces airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction.
323
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric type 1 diabetes?
Insulin is the preferred drug for treating pediatric type 1 diabetes.
324
What is the mechanism of action of insulin in glucose metabolism?
Insulin facilitates glucose uptake into cells, inhibits lipolysis, and promotes glycogen synthesis.
325
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)?
Systemic corticosteroids like dexamethasone or prednisolone are first-line for BPD exacerbations.
326
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric chronic spontaneous urticaria?
Second-generation antihistamines like cetirizine or loratadine are preferred for chronic spontaneous urticaria.
327
What is the mechanism of action of methotrexate in pediatric autoimmune arthritis?
Methotrexate inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, reducing DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in autoimmune diseases.
328
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric influenza in high-risk children?
Neuraminidase inhibitors like oseltamivir are the first-line drugs for pediatric influenza in high-risk children.
329
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric rheumatic fever with carditis?
Penicillin is the preferred drug for treating pediatric rheumatic fever with carditis.
330
What is the mechanism of action of dornase alfa in cystic fibrosis?
Dornase alfa cleaves extracellular DNA in thick mucus, reducing viscosity and improving lung function in cystic fibrosis.
331
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)?
Endothelin receptor antagonists like bosentan or phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors like sildenafil are first-line for PAH.
332
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric central precocious puberty?
GnRH agonists like leuprolide or triptorelin are preferred for central precocious puberty.
333
What is the mechanism of action of isotretinoin in pediatric acne vulgaris?
Isotretinoin reduces sebaceous gland size and sebum production, reducing acne lesions.
334
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis?
Swallowed topical corticosteroids like fluticasone or oral budesonide are first-line for eosinophilic esophagitis.
335
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric lead poisoning?
Chelation agents like succimer (DMSA) or calcium disodium EDTA are preferred for pediatric lead poisoning.
336
What is the mechanism of action of cyclosporine in pediatric transplant patients?
Cyclosporine inhibits calcineurin, reducing T-cell activation and preventing organ rejection in transplant patients.
337
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric nephrotic syndrome?
Corticosteroids like prednisone are the first-line drugs for nephrotic syndrome in children.
338
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric Wilson disease?
Chelating agents like D-penicillamine or trientine are the preferred drugs for Wilson disease.
339
What is the mechanism of action of adalimumab in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease?
Adalimumab is a TNF-alpha inhibitor that reduces inflammation in IBD by blocking TNF-alpha signaling.
340
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric neurogenic bladder?
Anticholinergics like oxybutynin or beta-3 agonists like mirabegron are first-line for neurogenic bladder.
341
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric bacterial meningitis in children older than 1 month?
Ceftriaxone or cefotaxime, often combined with vancomycin, is the first-line treatment for bacterial meningitis in children over 1 month.
342
What is the mechanism of action of ceftriaxone in pediatric bacterial infections?
Ceftriaxone inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins, leading to cell lysis.
343
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)?
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is the preferred drug for treating pediatric pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP).
344
What is the mechanism of action of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) in pediatric PCP prophylaxis?
TMP-SMX inhibits bacterial folate synthesis by blocking dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase.
345
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric pseudomonal infections?
Antipseudomonal beta-lactams like piperacillin-tazobactam, ceftazidime, or meropenem are first-line for pseudomonal infections.
346
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric hemophilia A?
Recombinant factor VIII is the preferred treatment for hemophilia A.
347
What is the mechanism of action of factor VIII in hemophilia A treatment?
Factor VIII is a coagulation factor that activates factor X in the clotting cascade, promoting fibrin clot formation.
348
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
Corticosteroids like prednisone or hydroxychloroquine are first-line for pediatric SLE.
349
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric severe hyperkalemia?
Calcium gluconate, insulin with glucose, and sodium bicarbonate are preferred for severe hyperkalemia.
350
What is the mechanism of action of sodium polystyrene sulfonate in hyperkalemia management?
Sodium polystyrene sulfonate is a potassium-binding resin that increases fecal potassium excretion.
351
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric hypocalcemia?
Calcium gluconate or calcium chloride is the first-line treatment for acute hypocalcemia.
352
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric aplastic anemia?
Immunosuppressive therapy with antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and cyclosporine is preferred for pediatric aplastic anemia.
353
What is the mechanism of action of deferoxamine in iron overload?
Deferoxamine binds free iron, forming a stable complex that is excreted in the urine, reducing iron overload.
354
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric severe croup?
Nebulized or IM epinephrine along with systemic corticosteroids like dexamethasone is the first-line treatment for severe croup.
355
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric gastrointestinal reflux disease (GERD) with esophagitis?
Proton pump inhibitors (e.g., lansoprazole) are preferred for GERD with esophagitis.
356
What is the mechanism of action of lansoprazole in pediatric GERD?
Lansoprazole irreversibly inhibits the H+/K+ ATPase pump in gastric parietal cells, reducing gastric acid secretion.
357
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric Kawasaki disease?
High-dose aspirin and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) are the first-line drugs for Kawasaki disease.
358
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) with severe abdominal pain?
Corticosteroids like prednisone are preferred for HSP with severe abdominal pain or renal involvement.
359
What is the mechanism of action of prednisone in pediatric autoimmune disorders?
Prednisone suppresses inflammation by inhibiting multiple inflammatory cytokines and immune cell activation.
360
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric urinary tract infections (UTIs)?
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or nitrofurantoin is commonly used for pediatric urinary tract infections (UTIs).
361
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric scabies?
Topical permethrin or oral ivermectin is the first-line treatment for pediatric scabies.
362
What is the mechanism of action of permethrin in scabies treatment?
Permethrin acts as a neurotoxin, disrupting sodium ion channels in the parasite's nerve cells, leading to paralysis and death.
363
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric acute otitis externa?
Topical antibiotics like ciprofloxacin or ofloxacin drops are the first-line treatment for acute otitis externa.
364
What is the mechanism of action of ciprofloxacin in pediatric bacterial infections?
Ciprofloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, blocking DNA replication and transcription.
365
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric head lice?
Topical permethrin or oral ivermectin is the preferred drug for treating pediatric head lice.
366
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric bacterial vaginosis?
Oral metronidazole or clindamycin is the preferred drug for treating pediatric bacterial vaginosis.
367
What is the mechanism of action of metronidazole in pediatric anaerobic infections?
Metronidazole disrupts DNA synthesis in anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, leading to cell death.
368
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric impetigo?
Topical mupirocin is the first-line drug for treating pediatric impetigo.
369
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric superficial fungal infections?
Topical antifungals like clotrimazole or terbinafine are the preferred drugs for treating superficial fungal infections.
370
What is the mechanism of action of clotrimazole in pediatric tinea infections?
Clotrimazole inhibits ergosterol synthesis in fungal cell membranes, leading to cell membrane disruption and death.
371
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric sinusitis?
Amoxicillin or amoxicillin-clavulanate is the first-line drug for treating pediatric sinusitis.
372
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric mycoplasma pneumonia?
Macrolides like azithromycin or clarithromycin are the preferred drugs for treating pediatric mycoplasma pneumonia.
373
What is the mechanism of action of azithromycin in pediatric respiratory infections?
Azithromycin binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit, inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis and reducing inflammation.
374
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric pertussis?
Macrolides like azithromycin or clarithromycin are the first-line drugs for treating pediatric pertussis.
375
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric streptococcal pharyngitis?
Penicillin V or amoxicillin is the preferred drug for treating pediatric streptococcal pharyngitis.
376
What is the mechanism of action of penicillin in bacterial infections?
Penicillin inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins, leading to cell lysis.
377
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric bacterial conjunctivitis?
Topical antibiotics like erythromycin or polymyxin B-trimethoprim are the first-line drugs for bacterial conjunctivitis.
378
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) complications?
Supportive care, including pain control and hydration, is the mainstay for HFMD; no specific antiviral is required.
379
What is the mechanism of action of ibuprofen in pediatric fever management?
Ibuprofen inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, reducing prostaglandin synthesis and lowering fever and inflammation.
380
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric pinworm infection?
Albendazole or pyrantel pamoate is the first-line drug for treating pediatric pinworm infection.
381
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric tinea capitis?
Oral griseofulvin is the first-line drug for treating pediatric tinea capitis.
382
What is the mechanism of action of griseofulvin in pediatric fungal infections?
Griseofulvin inhibits fungal cell mitosis by disrupting the mitotic spindle, preventing fungal cell division.
383
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric bacterial meningitis in neonates?
Ampicillin plus gentamicin or cefotaxime is the preferred drug for neonatal bacterial meningitis.
384
What is the mechanism of action of ampicillin in pediatric bacterial infections?
Ampicillin inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins, causing cell lysis.
385
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric community-acquired pneumonia in infants?
Amoxicillin or ampicillin is the first-line drug for treating community-acquired pneumonia in infants.
386
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric otitis media with effusion?
Observation or tympanostomy tubes for persistent effusion; no antibiotics are needed unless infection is suspected.
387
What is the mechanism of action of acetaminophen in pediatric fever management?
Acetaminophen inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, reducing prostaglandin synthesis and lowering fever.
388
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric viral bronchiolitis?
Supportive care, including hydration and oxygen, is the mainstay of treatment for viral bronchiolitis.
389
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric chronic sinusitis?
Topical nasal steroids or saline irrigation are preferred for managing chronic sinusitis.
390
What is the mechanism of action of nasal saline irrigation in sinusitis management?
Saline irrigation mechanically clears mucus, allergens, and infectious particles, reducing sinus congestion.
391
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric streptococcal pharyngitis?
Penicillin V or amoxicillin is the first-line drug for treating pediatric streptococcal pharyngitis.
392
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric severe asthma exacerbations?
Systemic corticosteroids like methylprednisolone or dexamethasone are preferred for severe asthma exacerbations.
393
What is the mechanism of action of methylprednisolone in pediatric asthma?
Methylprednisolone suppresses inflammation by inhibiting multiple inflammatory cytokines and immune cell activation.
394
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)?
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) or corticosteroids like prednisone are first-line for ITP in children.
395
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis?
Swallowed topical corticosteroids like fluticasone or oral budesonide are first-line for eosinophilic esophagitis.
396
What is the mechanism of action of lansoprazole in pediatric GERD?
Lansoprazole irreversibly inhibits the H+/K+ ATPase pump in gastric parietal cells, reducing gastric acid secretion.
397
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric pinworm infection?
Albendazole or pyrantel pamoate is the first-line drug for treating pediatric pinworm infection.
398
What is the preferred drug for treating pediatric gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
Proton pump inhibitors (e.g., omeprazole) or H2 receptor antagonists (e.g., ranitidine) are commonly used for GERD.
399
What is the mechanism of action of omeprazole in reducing gastric acid secretion?
Omeprazole irreversibly inhibits the H+/K+ ATPase pump in gastric parietal cells, reducing gastric acid secretion.
400
What is the first-line drug for treating pediatric methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) skin infections?
Clindamycin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is preferred for MRSA skin infections.
