A.C 3.4 Flashcards
(31 cards)
What are the limitations of the Charities/Pressure Groups?
~Lack of government funding so have to rely on donations.
~Overlap of work – could work together more effectively as they are competing with each other
What are the limitations of the Probation Service?
~Part-privatisation with 21 Community Rehabilitation Companies was overturned
~Not properly risk assessing- Offending whilst on probation can include serious offences such as murder and rape, for example, the murder of Conner Marshall, serial killer Joanna Dennehy and the 2019 London Bridge attackers. All these offenders were on probation at the time of their crimes.
~Pre-sentencing reports poorly focused
What are the limitations of prisons?
~High reoffending rates
~Offending in prison include violence and drugs
~Overcrowding is an increasing problem
What are the limitations of the judiciary?
~Appeals due to wrongful convictions or lenient sentences
~Out of touch judges
~Questionable decisions, eg. Lavina Woodward – suspended sentence because would-be-heart surgeon
What are the limitations of the CPS?
~Centralised system is bureaucratic
~Too closely linked to police
~Failure to provide evidence to defence in
~Liam Allan case leading to collapsed trial at huge expense
~Glidewell Report found the CPS to be ineffective and inefficient
What are the limitations of the Police?
~High levels of unrecorded crime reported to them,
~Concerns around institutionalised racism, (McPherson Report)
What are the strengths of the Charities/Pressure Groups?
~Fill the gap of other agencies,
~Support inmates and families
~Campaign for better conditions and fairer treatment
What are the strengths of the Probation Service?
~Quality of work good and strong leadership
~Provides rehabilitation
~Working with offenders to find housing, employment and succeed
What are the strengths of prisons?
~Protects public
~Aims to prevent crime while incarcerated
~Provide rehabilitation, resettlement. treatment, education and training
What are the strengths of the judiciary?
~Judges ensure fair trials which are human rights compliant
~System of judicial precedent for consistency
~Application of law and rules of interpretation
~Judicial independence
What are the strengths of the CPS?
~Independent element to the charging and prosecution of offence
~Full code test is uniform and fair
~Promotes the rights of witnesses and victims
~Advises police
~Staffed by/instructs qualified legal personnel
What are the strengths of the Police?
~Provide community services, providing advice.
~Prevent crime and keep the public safe by combating anti-social behaviour
~Specialist units e.g. terrorism, serious crime squad, river police, covert operations
~Willingness to change and become more effective
~Held to account by the Police and Crime
~Commissioner and Police Complaints Commission
Who are the police funded by?
primarily from government grants raised by taxes including council tax.
Who are the CPS funded by?
Government-funded body most of their costs are met from the budget. They also recover some costs from prosecution, confiscations, retrains and other enforcement activities.
Who are prisons funded by?
Government funded through taxation
Who are Charities/Pressure Groups funded by?
non-profit making organisations which are funded by donations, membership subscriptions, fund-raising and some government grants and tax advantages.
Who is the probation service funded by?
NPS is funded by government taxes but the CRCs are self-funding. Working practices: preparation of pre-sentence reports for court, manage approved premises and residence requirement of sentence, assess offender for release on licence where they supervise them, communicate and priorities the wellbeing of victims of serious sexual and violent offence when the offender received more than 12 months in prison or is detained as a mental health patient.
Who are the judiciary funded by?
the judiciary are independent of the government or parliament (separation of powers) to ensure lack of bias and as such although their salaries are met from public funds and independent Senior Salaries Review Body is responsible for advising on their remuneration.
What are the aims of the judiciary?
Crown Court judges manage the trial by interpreting and applying the law ensuring it is complaint with human rights, explaining the procedure to the jury, summing up the evidence for the jury and passing sentence if appropriate. Magistrates have a similar role but there is no jury. Judges in the Crown Court hear appeals from the Magistrates’ Court and Superior Judges (in the High Court and above) also hear appeals and interpret the law setting precedent for the lower courts to follow.
What are the aims of the police?
Reducing crime and maintain ‘law and order’ by protection and keeping the peace and by prevention and detection of crime using their statutory powers under the Police and Civil Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) such as arrest, detention, search and interview.
What are the aims of prisons?
to keep those sentenced to prison in custody and to rehabilitate them. They work with the police, councils and voluntary organisations to achieve this.
What are the aims of the probation service?
Supervising high-risk offenders released into the community. Privatised, community rehabilitation companies provide probation services to those who do not present a high risk.
What are the aims of CPS?
Principal prosecuting authority in England and Wales since 1986 replacing this part of the role of police pursuant to the Prosecution of Offences Act 1986. They decide which cases should be prosecuted or kept under continuous review; determine the appropriate charges; advise the police; prepare cases for court; present the case at court (advocacy)’ assist in the support of victims and prosecution witnesses.
What are the aims of Charities/Pressure Groups?
may differ from one to another but they aim to support either offenders, their families or victims.
