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criminology paper 2 > AC1 > Flashcards

AC1 Flashcards

1
Q

norms

A

social expectations that guide behaviour and explain why people act in the way they do

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2
Q

moral codes

A

basic values, rules of behaving
eg police have code of ethics

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3
Q

values

A

general principles for how we should live our life
eg respecting an elderly

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4
Q

formal sanctions

A

imposed by official bodies such as police, courts.
punishment for breaking formal laws

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5
Q

informal sanctions

A

used when rules arent formally written down and are perhaps ‘unspoken’

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6
Q

legal definition of criminal behaviour

A

any action that is forbidden by the criminal law

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7
Q

2 elements crime must have

A

actus reus
mens rea

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8
Q

actus reus

A

guilty act

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9
Q

mens rea

A

guilty mind

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10
Q

strict liability

A

the wrongful act on its own is enough to convict someone
eg speeding

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11
Q

self-defense

A

if harm is done in self-defense it is not a crime - as long as the force used is reasonable in the situation

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12
Q

social definition of criminal behaviour

A
  • crime is a label from social interaction or wrong doing against the community
  • if society says an act is a crime, then it becomes one
  • crimes have consequences that are detrimental to the community in some way
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13
Q

universal crime

A
  • a crime is seen the same everywhere
  • eg child sex offences
  • but what is deemed as a crime changes between societies - marring 14 yr old (Bangladesh)
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14
Q

formal sanctions against criminals

A
  • penalties laid down by the law that can be imposed on those who have committed the crime
  • eg fines, custodial sentences, cautions
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15
Q

deviance

A

behaviour that goes against society norms, can be good or bad
eg underage drinking

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16
Q

informal sanctions against deviance

A

name calling
ignoring behaviour

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17
Q

formal sanctions against deviance

A

fines
imprisonment

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18
Q

forms of deviance

A
  • admired behaviour
  • odd behaviour
  • bad behaviour
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19
Q

social construction

A

something that has been made or defined by society

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20
Q

time

A

views/opinions can change over time or campaigns can promote change

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21
Q

place

A

some criminal offences aren’t the same everywhere

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22
Q

culture

A

different cultures view crime differently

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23
Q

how laws change from culture to culture

A
  • adultery
  • homosexuality
  • cannabis
  • polygamy
24
Q

adultery

A

sexual act between 2 people, 1 or both who are married to another person

25
Q

adultery illegal cultures

A

Muslim and christian-majority countries

26
Q

adultery legal countries

A

most countries, including UK

27
Q

reasons for adultery law varying in different cultures

A
  • religion - bible states adultery is a sin
  • status of women - owned by husbands, could be treated as property
28
Q

homosexuality

A

sexual acts between members of the same sex

29
Q

homosexuality illegal cultures

A
  • 72 countries, 6 results in death penalty
  • india, iran
30
Q

homosexuality legal cultures

A

UK, Europe, USA

31
Q

reasons for homosexuality law varying in different cultures

A

religion- condemn it, bible says its a sin
sexism - male homosexuality is a crime in more countries than lesbianism is

32
Q

cannabis

A

possession of cannabis for personal use is treated more leniently than growing/ selling

33
Q

cannabis illegal cultures

A

UK
possession- fine to 5 years
supplying -14 years imprisonment

34
Q

cannabis legal cultures

A

Canada

35
Q

reasons for cannabis law varying in different cultures

A
  • different norms and values- societies with greater individual freedom may see drug as victimless
  • different ideas about how best to control drug use
36
Q

polygamy

A

having more than 1 wife/husband at one time

37
Q

polygamy illegal cultures

A

most countries, UK, Turkey

38
Q

polygamy legal cultures

A

58 countries, Muslim-majority countries

39
Q

reasons for polygamy law varying in different cultures

A

religion- Quran permits Muslim men to take up to 4 wives
tradition - been practiced in some African cultures

40
Q

how laws change over time

A

capital punishment
- homosexuality
- drug laws
- gun laws

41
Q

capital punishment

A
  • 18th century- 200 offences resulted in death penalty
  • capital punishment abolished in 1965
  • changed as people had more rights and freedom
42
Q

homosexuality

A
  • all homosexual acts made illegal in 1885
  • acts between men 21+ legalized in 1967
  • age of consent equal to 16 in 2000
43
Q

homosexuality reasons

A
  • wolfenden report - after ww2 increase in gay men, trial of well known figures, 1957 new law - acts in private of consenting 21+ legal
  • political - 2010 equality act
44
Q

drug use

A
  • Portuguese case- 2001 legal to carry less than 10 day supply, highest rates of heroine addiction
  • public health- users referred to health and support rather than being prosecuted, now drug use fallen, deaths lowest in Europe
45
Q

drug use reasons

A
  • rapid growth in the addiction + sale
  • 1990 1 in 100 addicted to heroin
  • led to change
46
Q

gun control laws

A
  • laws about access to firearm changed after Michael Ryan and Thomas Hamilton shootings
  • laws tightened in 1997 banning all handguns apart from 22 single shot weapons
47
Q

gun control laws reasons

A
  • gun control network
  • snowdrop campaign
48
Q

how laws change in different places

A
  • jaywalking
    -possession of cannabis
  • manslaughter
49
Q

jaywalking

A
  • pedestrians cross the road without traffic regulations
    -illegal- USA, Canada
  • legal- UK
50
Q

possession of cannabis

A
  • some countries view it as recreational drug while others focus on its medicinal properties
  • illegal countries - England
  • different regions operate differently - Durham doesn’t priorities cannabis growers for personal use whereas Cumbria does
51
Q

manslaughter

A
  • where offender suffered from diminished responsibility or acted under a loss of control
  • sentence is open for the judge to decide
52
Q

diminished responsibility

A

if defendant mental condition reduced their ability to understand what they were doing

53
Q

automatism

A

crime committed was involuntary

54
Q

how laws are applied differently according to circumstances

A
  • age
  • different enforcement of the law
55
Q

age

A
  • 2 people may commit the same crime but be treated differently
  • below the age of criminal responsibility- not have the capacity to commit the crime, dont understand the full meaning of the act so cant be held responsible
  • UK- u10 cant be arrested, charged or prosecuted
  • Canada u12
56
Q

different enforcement of the law
moral panic

A
  • courts enforced more server sentences on youths convicted of offences during Mods and Rockers
  • to teach a lesson and deter others
57
Q

different enforcement of the law
Chambliss

A
  • studied youths (middle + working class)
  • found police enforced law stricter against working class even though both commited offences
  • police hold typification about ideal criminal
  • laws to protect the rich

criminology paper 2 (3 decks)

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