AC2.1 + AC2.2

Question 1

Lombroso

Answer 1

Atavistic features (e.g. sloping forehead, large jaw) = born criminals

Evaluation: deterministic, outdated, racist overtones

Question 2

Sheldon

Answer 2

Body types: Mesomorphs more likely to offend

Evaluation: ignores environmental influence

Question 3

Genetic theories

Answer 3

Twin studies (e.g. Christiansen): higher concordance in MZ twins

XYY theory: extra Y chromosome linked to aggression (e.g. Jacob syndrome)

Question 4

Brain abnormalities

Answer 4

Pre-frontal cortex damage = impulsivity/aggression

Phineas Gage case, Raine study (PET scans in murderers)

Question 5

Eysenck - Criminal Personality

Answer 5

High extraversion + neuroticism = risk-taking, unstable behaviour

Based on biological traits

Evaluation: oversimplifies, self-report data issues

Question 6

Freud - Psychodynamic Theory

Answer 6

Weak superego = no guilt/conscience

Deviant superego = seeks punishment

Evaluation: abstract, untestable

Question 7

Bandura - Social Learning Theory

Answer 7

Learn through observation, imitation and reinforcement

Bobo Doll experiment

Evaluation: ignores biology, lab-based