AC2.2- AIMS OF PUNISHMENTS

Question 1

What is retribution?

Answer 1

Aiming to punish the offender to the level that is deserved
Means ‘paying it back’

Question 2

What are retributions aims?

Answer 2

To punish the offender for the crimes that they have committed

Question 3

What idea is retribution based on?

Answer 3

Criminals should get their ‘just desserts’
-offenders deserved to be punished + society is morally entitled to take its revenge
The punishment should fit the crime- should be equal or proportionate

Question 4

What does the idea of proportionality lead to?- retribution

Answer 4

Leads to ‘tariff system’/ fixed mandatory penalties for different offences e.g mandatory life sentence for murder

Question 5

What does retribution NOT do?

Answer 5

Seek to alter future behaviours

Question 6

What is the aim of rehabilitation?

Answer 6

Alter the offenders mindset- future reoffending can be prevented and can be reintroduced into society
Can reform or change offenders

Question 7

What idea is rehabilitation based on?

Answer 7

Freewill
An individual can change their behaviour

Question 8

What does rehabilitation use instead of focusing on punishing past offences?

Answer 8

Used various treatment programmes to change offenders future
> Address the issues which led to the offending

Question 9

What do rehabilitation policies include?

Answer 9

Education and training programmes- can avoid unemployment, earn ‘honest living’
Anger management courses for violent offenders e.g Aggression Replacement Training (ART)
Drug Treatment
Programmes to treat alcohol dependence

Question 10

What often included requirements for offenders to engage in programmes as part of a sentence?- rehabilitation

Answer 10

Community sentences

Question 11

What is the aim of a deterrence?

Answer 11

Stop an offender/ anyone in society from committing a crime through FEAR OF PUNISHMENT

Question 12

What is an individual deterrence?

Answer 12

Uses punishment to deter the individual from reoffending- may convince the offender that it’s not worth repeating

Question 13

What is an example of an individual deterrence?

Answer 13

Suspended sentence- the term of imprisonment will only activate if future offending occurs

Question 14

What is a general deterrence?

Answer 14

Aimed at deterring society in general from breaking the law- public will see an individual offender being punished and know what they’d suffer with similar crime

Question 15

Where is the public most likely to learn about results of offending?- deterrence

Answer 15

Media reports

Question 16

In what context would deterring not work?

Answer 16

If there is very little chance of being caught and convicted

Question 17

What is public protection?

Answer 17

Punishment is used to protect public from further offending through incapacitating offenders

Question 18

What does punishment for public protection aim for?

Answer 18

Removing the offenders physical capacity to offend again

Question 19

What are examples of types of the incapacitation policy?

Answer 19

Curfews and electronic tagging/ restrict offenders movements
Chemical castration of sex offenders
IMPRISONMENT

Question 20

What do prisons do for public protection?

Answer 20

Take offenders out of general population, prevents them from committing further offences against public

Question 21

What is an example of a law that incapacitation for public protection has influenced?

Answer 21

The Crime (Sentencing) Act 1997- introduced mandatory minimum term jail sentences for repeat offenders

Question 22

What is the aim of reparation?

Answer 22

Offender making amends for a wrong they have done, whether to an individual victim, society as a whole or both
Need to recognise wrongfulness of their actions

Question 23

What is an example of making amends for material damage?

Answer 23

Financial compensation for victim e.g. paying costs of repairing damage done to property
Unpaid work- removing graffiti

Question 24

What is Restorative Justice?- reparation

Answer 24

bring offenders and victims together, usually with help of a mediator
- allows victim to explain the impact of the crime
- offender can see harm they caused, express remorse

Question 26

What theory does retribution link to?

Answer 26

Right realist

Question 27

How does retribution link to right realism?

Answer 27

Ensured defendant is being punished to appropriate level without consideration of the reasoning behind the crime of prevention of future offending

Question 28

What theory links to rehabilitation?

Answer 28

Individualistic theories

Question 29

Why does rehabilitation link to individualistic theories?

Answer 29

supports rehabilitation
Skinners operant learning theory- supports use of token economies

Question 30

What type of theory links to individual deterrence?

Answer 30

Marxism

Question 31

How does individual deterrence link to Marxism?

Answer 31

Crime inevitable in a capitalist society
Sentences are the means to control the w/c who are heavily policed compared to u/c

Question 32

What theory does general deterrence link to?

Answer 32

Social learning theory

Question 33

How does general deterrence link to the social learning theory?

Answer 33

If offenders see a model being punished for offending, they will be less likely to imitate that behaviour

Question 34

What theory does public protection link to?

Answer 34

Right realism

Question 35

How does public protection link to right realism?

Answer 35

See incapacitation as a way of protecting public from crime
Small number of persistent offenders are responsible for majority of crimes

Question 36

What type of theory does reparation link to?

Answer 36

Functionalists

Question 37

Why does repatation link to functionalism?

Answer 37

Putting things back the way they were before the crime was committed is essential for a smooth functioning society