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Histolog Final Exam 3 > Accessory Digestive Organs (Lec 19) > Flashcards

Accessory Digestive Organs (Lec 19) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the liver and pancreas embryological outgrowths of?

A
  • primitive gut
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2
Q

What is the largest gland and internal organ?

A
  • liver
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3
Q

How many lobes does the liver have?

A
  • 4

right, left, quadrate, caudate

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4
Q

What are the main functions of the liver?

A
  • detoxification of metabolic waste
  • metabolism and detoxification of drugs and toxins (e.g. alcohol, abx)
  • destruction of senescent rbcā€™s
  • recycling of Hb via synthesis and secretion of bile
  • synthesis of plasma proteins
  • miscellaneous metabolic functions
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5
Q

What is an example of livers role in detoxification of metabolic waste?

A
  • deamination of AAā€™s to urea
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6
Q

Sometimes priest would examine the liver after a sacrifice

A
  • bad omen would be abscess or flukes coming out
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7
Q

Does the liver have a role in detoxification of drugs?

A
  • YES
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8
Q

T/F the liver does not destruct senescent rbcā€™s

A
  • False
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9
Q

T/F the liver recycles of hemoglobin via synthesis and secretion of bile

A
  • True
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10
Q

Can the liver synthesize plasma proteins?

A
  • Yes

clotting factors, albumin, lipoproteins

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11
Q

What are the miscellaneous metabolic functions of the liver?

A
  • Glycogen synthesis, and storage, gluconeogenesis
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12
Q

What covers the external surface of the liver?

A
  • connective tissue capsule called Glissonā€™s capsule
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13
Q

Where do monosaccharides and AAā€™s from digestion enter the liver?

A
  • hepatic portal vein
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14
Q

What vein carries about 75-80% of blood to liver?

A
  • hepatic portal vein
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15
Q

Is the blood in the hepatic portal vein oxygenated or deoxygenated?

A
  • deoxygenated (coming from tissues of gut that have been drained)
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16
Q

What else does the hepatic portal vein carry?

A
  • potentially toxic compounds absorbed from diet to liver to be conjugated or detoxified
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17
Q

What supplies the liver with oxygenated blood?

A
  • hepatic artery ā€“> portal artery in hepatic lobules
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18
Q

Where does the hepatic artery branch off from?

A
  • celiac artery
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19
Q

What carries about 20-5% of blood to the liver and mixes with unoxygenated blood from portal V?

A
  • portal artery
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20
Q

T/F the liver is nutrient rich and oxygen rich environment?

A
  • False

the liver is nutrient rich but oxygen poor environment

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21
Q

what is the pathway of venous drainage of lobules?

A
  • central vein to hepatic vein to IVC
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22
Q

What are liver cells called?

A
  • hepatocytes
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23
Q

Are most hepatocytes single nucleus?

A
  • most are diploid but some polyploid or binucleate
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24
Q

_____ contain large numbers of cytoplasmic granules (rough ER and lysosomal products) and storage products

A
  • hepatocytes
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25
Q

Aging hepatocytes accumlate brown pigment _____

A
  • lipofuscin
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26
Q

How are individual hepatocytes shaped?

A
  • polygonal
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27
Q

How are individual hepatocytes arranged?

A
  • arranges in anastomosing cords paralleled by venous sinusoids
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28
Q

sinusoids are lined by ___________ a discontinuous endothelium with gaps between endothelial cells

A
  • sinusoidal lining cells
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29
Q

What is the space between sinusoidal lining cells and hepatocytes?

A
  • space of Disse (=perisinusoidal space)
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30
Q

How is space of disse different in lymphatics

A
  • it is continuous
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31
Q

What supports hepatic cords and sinusoids?

A
  • reticulin fibers (type III collagen)
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32
Q

Within sinusoids and space of Disse are phagocytic ______ cells

A
  • Kupffer cells
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33
Q

Occasion fat storing cells in liver?

A
  • Ito cells
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34
Q

What do Ito cells do?

A
  • contain lipid droplets used for Vit A and D storage
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35
Q

Caud liver oil

A
  • now comes from livers of shark

- have lots of oil in liver to make them buoyant

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36
Q

Seals have high quanities in Vit A and D in liver

A
  • because they eat lots of fish
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37
Q

Polar bears

A
  • eat seals and have so much Vit A and D in liver its toxic

- eat the fat because its highest in energy

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38
Q

How are cords of hepatocytes arranged?

A
  • in lobules
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39
Q

what is the classic lobule based on?

A
  • blood flow
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40
Q

What is the shape of classic lobule?

A
  • roughly hexagonal with central vein in middle of lobule
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41
Q

Cattle and pig lobules

A
  • outer margin of each lobule delimited by thin connective tissue septum
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42
Q

Portal triad

A
  • portal artery, portal vein, bile
    duct

(also contain lymphatics but tough to see)

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43
Q

Where are the portal triads located?

A
  • at each ā€œcornerā€
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44
Q

What is the pathway of blood in liver?

A
  • enters form portal tracts, percolates through sinusoids of lobule and drains via central vein
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45
Q

what is the shape of portal lobule?

A
  • triangular
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46
Q

What is portal lobule based on?

A
  • bile flow
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47
Q

How is portal lobule arranged?

A
  • portal triad in center and central vv at corners
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48
Q

What is the shape of acinus lobule?

A
  • diamond shaped region between neighboring central veins
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49
Q

How are the central veins oriented in acinus lobule?

A
  • central veins located along longitudinal axis with portal tracts at side
50
Q

Why is acinus so popular?

A
  • combines aspects of blood flow, oxygenation, metabolism, and pathology
51
Q

what is the least popular lobule arrangement?

A
  • portal lobule
52
Q

How many zones is the acinus divided into?

A
  • 3
53
Q

Hepatocytes in different zones have ______ metabolic environments

A
  • different
54
Q

Which zone is closest to the portal tract and receives the most oxygenated blood?

A
  • zone 1 or ( perilobular zone/periportal)
55
Q

What zone is most susceptible to toxic injury?

A
  • zone 1
56
Q

What zone is most susceptible to ischemic injury?

A
  • zone 3

receives the least oxygenated blood

57
Q

Zone 2 is the _______ zone

A
  • intermediate
58
Q

Which zone is closest to the central V and furthest from the portal tract?

A
  • zone 3
59
Q

_______ functions in detoxification or metabolism of various drugs, toxins, metabolites (e.g ethanol, pesticides, and carcinogens) via microsomal mixed function oxidase system of sER or peroxidases of peroxisomes (P450 system)

A
  • liver
60
Q

A common sequela to repeated insults or chronic disease of liver is _____

A
  • cirrhosis
61
Q

______ is characterized by hepatic degeneration and necrosis followed by fibrosis and nodular regeneration

A
  • cirrhosis
62
Q

_______ associated with cirrhosis (due to fibrosis and blockage of blood flow)

A
  • portal hypertension
63
Q

Can the liver regenerate

A
  • Yes

a little as 1/3 of liver can lead to regrow full liver

64
Q

T/F Liver has both endocrine and exocrine functions?

A
  • True
65
Q

Exocrine means

A
  • via ducts
66
Q

Endocrine means

A
  • directly into bloodstream
67
Q

What are the endocrine functions of the liver?

A
  • synthesis of plasma proteins
  • synthesis of glucose
  • gluconeogenesis (from non-carb sources like amino acids and lipids)
  • storage and release of glycogen, lipids, and lipoproteins
  • vit A and D storage
68
Q

Exocrine function of the liver is ?

A
  • bile synthesis
69
Q

_____ is an emulsifying agent, facilitates hydrolysis of lipids by pancreatic lipases

A
  • bile
70
Q

How much bile does the adult human liver secrete per day?

A
  • 1 liter per day
71
Q

What hormones increases bile flow from the liver?

A
  • secretin, CCK, and gastrin from enteroendocrine (APUD) cells
72
Q

Snake bile

A
  • used as aphrodisiac

- choose your snake

73
Q

What synthesizes bile?

A
  • hepatocytes
74
Q

Where is bile secreted?

A
  • into network of bile canliculi
75
Q

What are bile canaliculi?

A
  • small canals between hepatocytes, formed by groves in plasma membranes of adjacent cells
76
Q

Direction of bile flow is ______ to blood from, from canaliculi, in series of progressively larger ducts

A
  • opposite
77
Q

Bile synthesis

A
  • includes bile ducts (portal triads) and larger intrahepatic ducts (scattered throughout parenchyma)
78
Q

Where does bile eventually enter duadenum?

A
  • major duodenal papilla following a period of storage and modification in gallbladder
79
Q

What is the gallbladder (colossus)

A
  • muscular sac lovated in depression along surface of liver that is used to store and concentrate bile
80
Q

What lines the gallbladder?

A
  • simple columnar epithelium with apical microvilli used for resorption of water
81
Q

Does the gallbladder have a muscularis mucosae?

A
  • nope
82
Q

What is the lamina propria in the gallbladder like?

A
  • highly folded with occasional tubuloalveolar mucus glands
83
Q

What stimulates the contraction of gallbladder?

A
  • CCK
84
Q

Do horses and rats have a gallbladder?

A
  • no they dont store bile
85
Q

What is bile made of?

A
  • water, ions, electrolytes, cholesterol + phospholipids (lecithin) bile acids (= bile salts) and bile pigments
86
Q

What is the best know bile pigment?

A
  • bilirubin
87
Q

What is bilirubin?

A
  • non soluble breakdown product of hemoglobin
88
Q

What is bilirubin glucuronide?

A
  • water soluble form of bilirubin, conjugated with glucuronide
89
Q

What happens when you cant absorb bilirubin or conjugate it and secrete glucuronide?

A
  • accumulation of bile pigments and jaundice

(dark olive green produces yellow color) can be result of liver failure

90
Q

What happens when there is a supersaturation of bile?

A
  • gallstones (biliary calculi, choleithiasis)
91
Q

What are gallstones made of?

A
  • primary cholesterol and calcium salts
92
Q

Chronic inflammation from gallstones is?

A
  • cholecystitis
93
Q

Obstruction of bile ducts (choledocolithiasis) leads to?

A
  • bile stasis or jaundice (if severe)
94
Q

How do you treat choledocolithiasis?

A
  • cholecystectomy
95
Q

What happens when your gallbladder is removed?

A
  • unable to concentrate bile so you need to limit fat intake
96
Q

_____ is highly loblated gland with think connective tissue capsule located in bend of duodenum

A
  • pancreas
97
Q

Where does pancreas come from?

A
  • embryological outgrowth of primitive gut
98
Q

Does pancreas have endocrine or exocrine functions?

A
  • both
99
Q

ductless endocrine pancreatic tissue is located in ______

A
  • islets of Langerhans
100
Q

Most of the pancreas is ______ a compound, acinar, serous gland

A
  • exocrine
101
Q

Densely packed serous acini contain pyramidal secretory cells surrounding a _____

A
  • central lumen (duct)
102
Q

Acinar cells contain _____

A
  • zymogen granules (inactive enzyme precursors)
103
Q

What are the zymogens that the acinar cells contain?

A
  • trypsinogen (= protrypsin)
  • chymotrypsinogen (=prochymotrypsin)
  • amylase and lipase
104
Q

What are trypsin and chymostrypsin?

A
  • proteases
105
Q

What does amylase break down?

A
  • carbohydrates
106
Q

What does lipase break down?

A
  • lipids
107
Q

Where do these enzymes empty into?

A
  • intercalated ducts
108
Q

What is the duct that forms at the beginning of intercalated duct?

A
  • centro-acinar cells
109
Q

What do intercalated ducts do?

A
  • add bicarbonate and water to pancreatic sections to neutralize acidic chyme from stomach which creates optimal pH for pancreatic enzymes
110
Q

What do intercalated ducts empty into?

A

-larger intralobular ducts

111
Q

Where do intralobular ducts exit into?

A
  • interlobular (extralobular) ducts
112
Q

Where do pancreatic secretions enter duodenum?

A
  • via the pancreatic duct at the major duodenal papilla
113
Q

What are the principle regulators of exocrine pancreas?

A
  • polypeptide hormones secreted by enteroendocrine (APUD) cells
114
Q

What are the poly peptide hormones that regulate panceras?

A
  • gastrin
  • secretin
  • CCK
  • enterokinase
115
Q

What secretes gastrin?

A
  • stomach
116
Q

What are the hormones secreted by the duodenum?

A
  • secretin
  • CCK
  • enterokinase
117
Q

What does secretin do?

A
  • secreted by ā€œSā€ cells

- stimulates secretion of bicarbonate by cells of intercalated ducts

118
Q

What does CCK (cholecystokinin = pancreozymin) do?

A
  • secreted by I cells

- stimulates acinar cells to secrete zymogens

119
Q

What does enterokinase do?

A
  • converts trypsinogen iinto trypsin (within small intestine) which conterts chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin (digests proteins)
  • cascade reaction prevents pancrease from digesting itself
120
Q

_______ is auto-digestion of pancreas brought on by alcoholism

A
  • pancreatitis
121
Q

What leads to pancreatitis?

A
  • the cascade reaction breaks down which leads to premature conversion of chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin and autolysis
122
Q

Severe acute pancreatitis can be fatal within____

A
  • hours

Histolog Final Exam 3 (5 decks)

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