Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CP2.03_Acid Base_ZACHOW > Acid Base 1B > Flashcards

Acid Base 1B Flashcards

1
Q

Acidemia (pH <7.38) due to decreased bicarbonate is:

A
  • metabolic acidosis.
  • decreased pH + decreased bicarbonate.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Alkalemia (pH >7.44) due to increased bicarbonate is:

A
  • metabolic alkalosis.
  • increased pH + increased bicarbonate.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Nephrons are:

A
  • renal tubules.
  • structures in kidney making what will eventually be excreted urine.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Four functions of nephrons regarding acid-base balance:

A
  1. Reclaim HCO3 filtered from blood.
  2. Generate new HCO3.
  3. Titrate/neutralize secreted H+.
  4. Excrete titratable acids and HCO3.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Fate of proton absorbed from interstitium into cytoplasm of renal tubule cell:

A
  1. Proton absorbed from interstitium into cytoplasm of renal tubule cell.
  2. Proton secreted into forming urine.
  3. Proton in forming urine reacts with a hydroxide ion (OH-) from filtered bicarbonate to form water.
  4. Water is reabsorbed into renal tubule cell, where it dissociates into proton and hydroxide ion.
  5. Hydroxide portion reacts with CO2 in renal tubule to form bicarbonate
  6. Bicarbonate reabsorbed into interstitium/blood plasma.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Anytime in the kidney a proton gets secreted into forming urine by one mechanism or another, what occurs?

A
  • a bicarbonate is reabsorbed into the interstitium/plasma.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What can cause low plasma bicarbonate?

A
  1. simply losing bicarbonate (diarrhea).
  2. bicarbonate being used up buffering non-physiologic non-carbonic acid.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What chemoreceptors are immediately activated during metabolic acidosis?

A
  • pH-sensitive chemoreceptors located within the carotid bifurcations and aortic bodies.
  • low pH (elevated H+) and increased PCO2 activates these chemoreceptors.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What chemoreceptors have a lag in activation during metabolic acidosis?

A
  • central chemoreceptors that detect CSF pH.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What occurs once chemoreceptors detect low pH?

A
  • CN 9/10 relay information to medullary respiratory center.
  • Kussmauls breathing (ventilations increase) to blow-off CO2.
  • plasma H+ concentration lowers, pH rises.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Steps in why there is a lag in the central chemoreceptor response to metabolic acidosis:

A
  1. low plasma pH activates peripheral chemoreceptors.
  2. kussmauls breathing activated.
  3. plasma PCO2 drops.
  4. CO2 from CSF diffues into plasma down concentration gradient.
  5. CSF chemoreceptors detect slight alkalemia.
  6. Bicarbonate levels eventually drop in CSF, CSF pH drops accordingly, and central respiratory drive is stimulated.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why does acute compensation to metabolic acidosis fail in the chronic stage?

A
  1. Acute Kussmaul breathing lowers PCO2, which increases plasma pH.
  2. Renal HCO3- reabsorption lowers due to increased plasma pH.
  3. Plasma HCO3- levels lower further.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Winter’s formula is useful to determine:

A
  • if appropriate respiratory compensation to metabolic acidosis has occurred versus presence of a second (respiratory) acid-base disorder:
  • PCO2 = 1.5[HCO3-] + 8 ± 2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Winter’s formula:

A

PCO2 = 1.5[HCO3-] + 8 ± 2

  • Calculated PCO2 = measured PCO2, appropriate compensation.
  • Calculated PCO2 < measured PCO2, respiratory acidosis or no compensation.
  • Calculated PCO2 > measured PCO2, respiratory alkalosis.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Compensation rule for metabolic acidosis:

A

“1.5 + 8”
PCO2 = 1.5[HCO3-] + 8 ± 2

  • Calculated PCO2 = measured PCO2, appropriate compensation.
  • Calculated PCO2 < measured PCO2, respiratory acidosis or no compensation.
  • Calculated PCO2 > measured PCO2, respiratory alkalosis.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Elevated pH with elevated plasma HCO3- is:

A

metabolic alkalosis

17
Q

Common causes of metabolic alkalosis:

A
  • administration of HCO3- or H+ loss.
  • diarrhea.
  • vomiting/nasogastric suction.
18
Q

Hypokalemia and hypochloremia are associated with which acid-base disorder?

A

metabolic alkalosis

19
Q

Compensation rule for metabolic alkalosis:

A

“0.7 + 20”
PCO2 = 0.7[HCO3-] + 20 ± 5

20
Q

Why does acute compensation to metabolic alkalosis fail in the chronic stage?

A
  • acute reduced respirations lead to increased PCO2.
  • plasma H+ levels rise, plasma pH rises.
  • kidneys secrete more H+, more HCO3- reabsorbed.
  • HCO3- plasma levels rise, pH rises.
21
Q

The two compensation rules for metabolic disorders:

A
  • metabolic acidosis: 1.5 + 8 (Winter)
  • metabolic alkalosis: 0.7 + 20
22
Q

Draw algorithm for metabolic acidosis:

A

low pH; low HCO3- (<24)

23
Q

Draw algorithm for metabolic alkalosis:

A

high pH; high HCO3- (>24)

CP2.03_Acid Base_ZACHOW (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions