Acid Base

Question 1

The water content of an average adult male contains ___% water

Answer 1

61

Question 2

The average adult female contains ___% water

Answer 2

50

Question 3

Is sodium concentration higher in intercellular or extracellular fluid?

Answer 3

Extracellular

Question 4

Where does water move if the solute concentration in the extracellular fluid decreases?

Answer 4

Into the cell

Question 5

The dominant extracellular cations are

Answer 5

Sodium (Na+)

Question 6

Large organic molecules such as proteins are usually found in the

Answer 6

Intracellular fluid & Plasma

Question 7

Abnormal stretching of vessels due to increased blood pressure stimulates the release of

Answer 7

Atrial natriuretic hormone

Question 8

The most important regulator of blood osmolality is

Answer 8

ADH

Question 9

If blood pressure decreases, blood levels of ____ increase

Answer 9

aldosterone, angiotensin II, ADH, renin

Question 10

Which ions are the most important for establishing the resting membrane potential

Answer 10

Potassium (K+)

Question 11

____plays a major role in regulating the concentration of K+ ion secretion in the distal tubule and collecting duct.

Answer 11

Aldosterone

Question 12

Aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex is stimulated by the renin-angiotensin system and

Answer 12

elevated blood K+ ion levels

Question 13

____ is necessary for the transport of Ca2+ ions across the wall of the intestinal tract

Answer 13

Vitamin D

Question 14

Hypocalcemia has which symptom?

Answer 14

Muscle spasms

Question 15

The major mechanism that controls plasma levels of calcium ions is

Answer 15

parathyroid hormone secretion

Question 16

The most abundant negatively charged ion in the extracellular fluid is

Answer 16

chloride

Question 17

Loss of a large volume of sweat results in the body fluids becoming _____ which causes _____ in plasma volume

Answer 17

hypertonic, a decrease

Question 18

Thirst is stimulated by

Answer 18

increased osmolality of the blood, decreased blood volume, increased angiotensin II

Question 19

During conditions of severe dehydration, hematocrit _____, which results in an_____ in blood viscosity

Answer 19

Increase, increase

Question 20

What is the primary organ that regulates the composition and volume of body fluids

Answer 20

Kidneys

Question 21

Which of these conditions produces a large volume of dilute urine?

Answer 21

Decreased ADH secretion

Question 22

What is not a major buffer system in the body

Answer 22

lactic acid buffer system

Question 23

What do buffers do?

Answer 23

bind to excess H+ ions that are added to a solution.
Prevent large changes in body fluid pH.
May involve weak acids
Release H+ ions when H+ ion concentration in a solution falls

Question 24

Nephrons directly regulate acid-base balance by

Answer 24

secreting H+ ions into the filtrate

Question 25

The major effect of acidosis is the ____ of the nervous system, whereas a major effect of alkalosis is _____ of the nervous system

Answer 25

depression, hyperexcitability

Question 26

Respiratory regulation of pH depends upon the

Answer 26

carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system

Question 27

The largest buffer system in the body is the

Answer 27

Protein buffer system

Question 28

Potassium imbalances infrequently occur, they are the most dangerous. In looking at an EKG what will be seen?

Answer 28

U wave and flattened T wave with low K+ | Tall, tented T wave in high K+

Question 29

The inability to eliminate CO2 from the body causes pH to ____ and can result in _____

Answer 29

decrease, acidosis

Question 30

Increased ammonia in the urine may indicate

Answer 30

respiratory acidosis

Question 31

Respiratory alkalosis can be caused by

Answer 31

hyperventilation

Question 32

Sedatives or opioid overuse can cause

Answer 32

respiratory acidosis

Question 33

What are some conditions that would cause fluid imbalance of hypervolemia?

Answer 33

Ingesting large amounts of water, injection of hypotonic solution, endocrine d/o such as excessive ADH production, lymphedema

Question 34

What clinical assessment would you find with hypervolemia?

Answer 34

Elevated BP, edema, prominent JVD, hemodilution, dyspnea, crackles, weight gain, low NA levels, CNS effects, bounding pulse

Question 35

What are some conditions that may cause hypovolemia?

Answer 35

Inadequate fluid intake, hemorrhage, fever, repeated vomiting, diarrhea

Question 36

What clinical assessment would you find with hypovolemia

Answer 36

Loss of one or more electrolyte, thirst, hemoconcentration, high urine specific gravity, high serum electrolyte levels.

Question 37

A patient with a positive Chvostek's sign would more than likely receive IV administration of

Answer 37

Calcium gluconate

Question 38

Diabetes insipidius causes

Answer 38

hypernatremia

Question 39

Vitamin D deficiency causes

Answer 39

hypocalcemia

Question 40

Metabolic alkalosis causes

Answer 40

hypokalemia

Question 41

Crushing injury causes

Answer 41

hyperkalemia

Question 42

SIADH causes

Answer 42

hyponatremia