Acid base

Question 1

normal range anion gap?

Answer 1

10-18 mmol/L

Question 2

four causes of metabolic acidosis and increased anion gap?

Answer 2

lactic acid (eg shock, infection, tissue ischaemia);
urate (renal failure);
ketones (diabetes mellitus, alcohol);
drugs/toxins (salicylates, biguanides, ethylene glycol, methanol).

Question 3

six causes of metabolic acidosis and a normal anion gap?

Answer 3

renal tubular acidosis;
diarrhoea;
drugs (acetazolomide);
Addison's disease;
pancreatic fistula;
ammonium chloride ingestion.

Question 4

In a cause of metabolic acidosis due to loss of bicarbonate, what would you expect the anion gap to be?

Answer 4

normal anion gap

Question 5

in a cause of metabolic acidosis due to an ingestion of H+ ions (Cl- retained), what would you expect the anion gap to be?

Answer 5

normal anion gap

Question 6

in a cause of metabolic acidosis due to increased production or reduced excretion of fixed or organic acids, what would you expect the anion gap to be?

Answer 6

increased anion gap

Question 7

four differentials for ketoacidosis?

Answer 7

DKA,
alcoholic ketoacidosis,
starvation ketosis,
isopropyl alcohol ingestion