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Biochemistry 2nd Year > Acid-Base Balance > Flashcards

Acid-Base Balance Flashcards

1
Q

1.Ingested water how much?
2. thirst centre is located in?
3. Metabolic water produced per day?

  1. 1 g of each gives how many ml of water?
    Carbohydrates
    Protein
    Fats
  2. For 1000 cal consumed by the body, how much water is produced?
A
  1. 0.5-5 litres
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. 300-350ml/day
  4. Carbohydrates —– 0.6
    Protein—– 0.4
    Fats—– 1.1
  5. 125 ml
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2
Q
  1. Urine output in normal individual per day?
  2. How much amount if water is essential as an excretion medium?
  3. How much is filtered ny glomeruli into renal tubules?
  4. The hormone that control water excretion by kidneys?
    And its secretion is regulated by?
  5. Diabetes insipidus is due to deficiency of?
    Leads to?
A
  1. 1-2 l/day
  2. 500 ml/day
  3. 180 litres (but excreted only 1-2 l)
  4. ADH (vasopressin)
    - osmotic pressure of plasma
    - increased osmolarity (solute)—–more ADH—–more water reabsorption
  5. ADH
    -dilute urine—-increased water loss
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3
Q
  1. What does ADH do to aquaporins?
  2. Loss of water through
    Skin
    Lungs
    Feces
  3. For every 1° rise in Temp. Water loss thru skin increases how much ?
  4. What is meant ny “insensible water loss”?
A
  1. Translocates them from cytoplasm—–membrane of collecting ducts
    To reabsorb more water
  2. Skin —— 450 ml/day
    Lungs—— 400 ml/day
    Feces —— 150 ml/day
  3. 15%
  4. Loss by skin & lungs
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4
Q
  1. 1g equivalent weight is equivalent to _______ milliequivalents?
  2. Name the predominat extracellular cation?
    And other anions
  3. predominant intracellular cation?
  4. Main difference between osmolarity
    Osmolality
  5. Osmolality of plasma?
A
  1. 1000
  2. Cation
    Na+
    Anions
    Cl-
    HCO3-
  3. Cation
    K+
    Others
    HPO4-
    Proteins
    Organic acids
  4. Osmolarity — moles /litre
    (E.g solute in 1 litre water bottle)
    Osmolality — moles /lg
    (E.g solute in 1 kg body fluids)
  5. 285 - 295 millieosmoles/ kg
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5
Q
  1. What is ANF? Atrial natriuretic factor?
  2. How many amino acids does ANF has?
  3. Functions of renin and aldosterone is opposed by?
  4. Secretion of aldosterone is controlled by which system?
    How?
  5. Stimulus for ADH release?
  6. By ehich hormones kidney regulates electrolyte balance?
A

Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF), also known as Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) or antiopeptin , is a hormone produced by the heart’s atria (upper chambers). Its main job is to help regulate blood pressure and fluid balance in the body.

  • Reduces Blood Pressure: ANF helps to lower blood pressure by causing blood vessels to relax and widen.
  • Increases Urine Production:
    It prompts the kidneys to get rid of extra sodium and water, which helps reduce fluid volume in the body.

In simple terms, ANF helps keep blood pressure in check and balances fluid levels by making the kidneys remove extra salt and water.

  1. 28
  2. ANF
  3. Renin-Angiotensin system
    - dec. In B.P —— sensed by juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA) (which Regulates B.P) —– secrete Renin —–angiotensin 1 —– angiotensin II —– release of aldosterone
  4. Increase in plasma osmolality (due to Na+)
  5. Aldosterone
    ADH
    Renin-Angiotensin
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6
Q
  1. What is commonly used to treat cholera?
  2. What are diuretics?
    Name commonly used?
    Importance?
  3. How vagitarian diet has an alkalizing affect?
  4. PH of normal blood?
    Blood pH compatible to life is?
  5. PH of
    Erythrocytes
    Skeletal muscle
A
  1. Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT)
  2. Drugs that stimulate water & sodium excretion
    - common are;
    Bendroflauzide
    Frusemide
    Spironolactone
    Mannitol**
    - for treating;
    Edema
    Hypertension
    Heart failure
  3. Formation of organic acids e.g sodium lactate— deplete H+ ions bu combining with them
  4. Slightly alkaline
    7.35 - 7.45
  • 6.8 - 7.8
  1. Erythrocytes —– 7.2
    Skeletal muscle —– 6.0
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7
Q
  1. Name volatile acids produced hy body? And how much?
  2. Non-volatile acids produced by the body? How much?
  3. What kind of diet results in more acid production? And the urine will be?
  4. What kind of diet is basic?
A
  1. Carbonic acid
    (20,000 mEq/day)
  2. Lactic acid
    Suplfuric acid
    Phosphoric acid
    (80 mEq/day)
  3. Rich in animal protein
    - acidic
  4. Vegetarian diet
    - production of salts of organic acids which utilize H+
    E.g Sodium lactate
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8
Q
  1. How body maintains blood pH?with what 3 lines of defence?
  2. Name 3 buffer systems of blood?
  3. Name extracellular blood buffer and intracellular blood buffer?
  4. Buffering capacity of proteins depend upon?
  5. Most effective contributer of protein buffer?
  6. How much total buffering capacity of plasma, does plasma protein count for?
  7. Plasma bicarbonate (HCO3-) concentration?
  8. Pka for
    H2CO3
    Phosphate buffer
  9. The ratio of
    bicarbonate (base) to carbonic acid?
  10. . The ratio of
    base to acid for phosphate buffer?
  11. What is Alkali reserve?
A
  1. Blood buffers
  2. Respiratory mechanism
  3. Renal mechanism
  4. Bicarbonate buffer
    (Sodium carbonate —- carbonic acid)

Protein buffer
(Plasma proteins & haemoglobin)

Phosphate buffer
(Sodium dihydrogen phosphate & Disodium hydrogen Phosphate)

  1. Exctracellular —- Bicarbonate
    Intracellular —– Phosphate buffer
  2. pK of the ionizable groups of amino acids.
  3. Imidazole group of histidine (pk = 6.7)
  4. 2%
  5. 24 mmol/l
    (Range 22-26 mmol/l)
  6. H2CO3 —— 6.1
    Phosphate buffer —— 6.8
  7. 20:1
  8. 4:1
  9. Bicarbonate concentration is 20 times than carbonic acid
    — effective buffering of H+ ions
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9
Q
  1. What is isohydric transport?
  2. Respiratory centre is located in?

3? Which system provides a permanent solution to acid base balance?

  1. Ph or urine compared to vlood?
  2. Mechanisms of renal regulation of pH?
  3. The only route of excretion of H+ ions?
    And from where?
  4. Carbonic anhydrase is inhibited by?
A
  1. Isohydric transport is the process by which carbon dioxide (CO₂) is carried in the blood from tissues to the lungs without significantly altering the blood’s pH. CO₂ is converted into bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) in red blood cells, and hemoglobin buffers the resulting hydrogen ions (H⁺). This maintains a stable pH as CO₂ is transported to the lungs, where it is eventually exhaled.
  2. Medulla
  3. Renal mechanism
  4. Slightly lower —acidic
    Urine —- acidic 6.0 (range 4.5-9.5)
    Blood —- alkaline 7.4

5.
Excretion of H+ ions
Reabsorption of bicarbonate
Excretion of titrable acid
Excretion of ammonium ions

  1. Kidneys — proximal convulated tubule (with regeneration of HCO3-)
  2. Acetazolamide
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10
Q
  1. How much HCO3- bicarbonate in normal urine?
  2. Biacrbonate is reabsorbed into the plasma in association with?
  3. Titrable acidity is a measure of? How is it estimated?
  4. In quantative terms, titratble acidity of urine means?
  5. The excreted H+ ions in urine are buffered by?
  6. The sodium that is excchanged for H+ comes from?
    And forms which acid?
  7. The major quantity of titrable acid in urine is present in which form?
A
  1. Almost free (none) from bicarbonate
  2. Sodium ions (Na+)
  3. acid excreted into urine by kidneys
    -by titrating urine back to normal pH of blood (7.4)
  4. Number of milliliters of N/10 NaOH required to tirate 1litre of urine to a pH of 7.4
  5. Phosphate buffer
  6. Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate (Na2HPO4)
    ….which combines with H+ ions to form acid ….. Sodium dihydrogen Phosphate (NaH2PO4)
  7. Sodium dihydrogen Phosphate (NaH2PO4)
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11
Q
  1. About half — 2/3rd of body acid load is eliminated thru?
  2. The ammonia that combines with H+ ions in tubular lumen to form NH4+ comes from?
  3. Name causes if metabolic acidosis?
  4. Name causes of metabolic alkalosis?
  5. Name causes of respiratory acidosis?
  6. Name causes of respiratory alkalosis?
A
  1. Ammonium ions (NH4)
  2. Renal tubular cell
    ( Glutamine —— Glutamate + NH3)
    - Enzyme glutaminase
  3. (Dslr)
    Diabetes mellitus (ketoacidosis)
    Sever Diarrhoea
    Lactic acidosis
    Renal failure
    Renal Tube acidosis
  4. (Alkalo—kala)
    Severe Vomiting (stomach acid loss)
    Hypokalemia ( when low K = H–excreted)
    IV administration of Bicarbonate
  5. (PAPC)
    Pneumonia
    Asthma
    Paralyzed respiratory muscles
    Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    Cardiac arrest
    Depression of respiratory center (by drugs e.g opiates)
    Chest deformities (scholiosis, kyphosis)
  6. (As H)
    Anemia
    Salicylate posioning
    Hypoxia
    Hyperventilation
    High altitude
    Hysteria
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12
Q
  1. 95% of plasma cations are formed by?
  2. 85% of plasma anions are formed by?
  3. Acid base disorders are associated with alterations in?
  4. Anion gap of a healthy individual?
    Anion gap represents?
  5. Defin anion gap?
  6. The most common cause of metabolic acidosis is the production & accumulation of?
    And why?
    What happens to anion gap?
  7. Cushing syndrome is associated with which disorder?
  8. Paradox about metabolic acidosis?
A
  1. Na+ & K+
  2. Cl- and HCO3-
  3. Anion gap
  4. 15 mEq/l (Range 8-18 mEq/l)
    - unmeasured anions
  5. Difference between;
    Measured cations & measured anions
  6. Organic acids
    — combine with NaHCO3 - and deplete the alkali reserve
    — increased as these organic acids(ketone bodies) dissociate to form anions (unmeasured
  7. Metabolic alkalosis
    (Bcz hypokalemia)
  8. Patient excretes acidic urine despite alkalosis
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13
Q
  1. Diabetic mellitus ketoacidosis is associated with? The level of potassium?
  2. What happens when insulin is given?
  3. What should be given to the oatient of diabetic ketoacidosis
  4. How hydrogen ions are related to potassium?
  5. Plasma concentration of potassium?
  6. How acid-base balance is measured?
  7. Central molecule of acid-base regulation?
  8. Osmolality of plasma is about? Contributed by?
A
  1. Hypokalemia
  2. Insulin increases uptake of potassium by cells
    —lowers plasma potassium —- more hypokalemia
  3. Potassium
  4. When hypokalemia (low K+)
    —– more excretion of (H+)
    —-metabolic alkalosis
  5. 3.5-5.0 mEq/l
  6. ABG
    Arterial blood Gas analysis
    Measures;
    pO2
    pCO2
    pH
    Bicarbonate
  7. CO2
  8. 285 milliosmoles/kg
    – Na+
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14
Q
  1. Diabetic ketoacidosis is associated with? Level of potassium?
  2. What happens when insulin is given?
  3. What should be given to such patient?
  4. How H+ is related to K+ levels?
  5. Conc. Of potassium in plasma
  6. How to measure acid-base balance?
  7. Central molecule of acid-base regulation?
  8. Osmolality of plasma? Contributed by?
A
  1. Hypokalemia
  2. Insulin increases uptake of potassium by cells
    —lowers plasma potassium —- more hypokalemia
  3. Potassium
  4. When hypokalemia (low K+)
    —– more excretion of (H+)
    —-metabolic alkalosis
  5. 3.5-5.0 mEq/l
  6. ABG
    Arterial blood Gas analysis
    Measures;
    pO2
    pCO2
    pH
    Bicarbonate
  7. CO2
  8. 285 milliosmoles/kg
    – Na+
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Biochemistry 2nd Year (9 decks)

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