acid-base balance

Question 1

pH 7.35-7.45
PCO2 35-45 mmHg
HCO3 24-28 mEq/L
PO2 75-100 mmHg

Answer 1

ABG’s

Question 2

3 systems work together to maintain pH with in a normal range; buffer system, respiratory system, and renal system

Answer 2

3 systems work together to maintain pH

Question 3

bodys’ 3 major buffer systems

Answer 3

bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer
Phosphate buffer
protein buffer

Question 4

The bicarbonate-carbonic acid system gains a H ion if the pH is more than 7.35, and drops an H+ ion if the pH less than 7.45

Answer 4

acid base balance Acidosis/Alkalosis

Question 5

the phosphate buffer system acts as a

Answer 5

strong ECF

Question 6

the protein buffer system acts as a

Answer 6

ICF buffer

Question 7

The respiratory system helps to maintain acid-base balance by adding CO2 if the pH is less than 7.45 or drops CO2 if the pH is more than 7.35

Answer 7

acid base balance Acidosis/Alkalosis

Question 8

the renal system helps to maintain acid-base balance by excreting the H ion and retains HCO3 in acidosis and retains the H ion and excrete HCO3 in alkalosis.

Answer 8

acid base balance Acidosis/Alkalosis

Question 9

a condition that results when PCO2 falls below 35mmHg.

Answer 9

Hypocarpnia

Question 10

deep, rapid respirations assoc. with compensatory mechanisms

Answer 10

Kussmaul breathing

Question 11

body is deprived of o2

Answer 11

Hypoxia

Question 12

when compensatory mechanisms are unable to maintain the normal ration of bicarbonate to carbonic acid in the blood plasma even though the bicarbonate level is decreased or the carbon dioxide level is elevated.

Answer 12

Uncompensated

Question 13

an actual or relative increase in the acidity of blood due to an accumulation of acids or an excessive loss of bicarbonate. The hydrogen ion concentration of the fluid is increased, lowering the pH.

Answer 13

Acidosis & Alkalosis

Question 14

provides an indication of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange and acid-base balance within the blood

Answer 14

ABG’s

Question 15

occurs when pH drops below 7.35

Answer 15

acidosis

Question 16

occurs when the pH rises above 7.45

Answer 16

Alkalosis

Question 17

determined if the PaCO2 is less than 35 mmHg (alkalosis) or greater than 45 mmHg (acidosis)

Answer 17

A Primary Respiratory problem

Question 18

When the HCO3 is less than 22 mEq/L (acidosis) or greater than 26 mEq/L (alkalosis)

Answer 18

A primary metabolic problem

Question 19

Regulates the carbonic acid by eliminating or retaining carbon dioxide. CO2 is a potential ACID. (when gains a H+)

Answer 19

Respiratory System

Question 20

Responsible for the long-term regulation of acid-base balance. the Kidneys eliminate excess non-volatile acids producing during metabolism. Renal tubules reg by breaking down carbonic acid

Answer 20

Renal system

Question 21

Common Causes:
increased Acid production
-DKA, (ketoacidosis); Starvation, alcoholism, vomitting, Lactic acidosis; muscles fatigued

-Decreased acid excretion
Renal Failure;
-Increased Bicarbonate Loss (HCO3); too much normal saline can send you into an acidodic state.
Excessive diarrhea too

Answer 21

Metabolic Acidosis Causes

Question 22

Decreased appetite (anorexia), nausea vomiting, abd pain
bradycardia, dysrhythmias, CNS dysfunction
-Kussmauls dyspnea; deep labored breathing
-Weakness, Fatigue, general malaise, HA
-Decrease LOC, Confusion
-hyperkalemia: shift of acid to ICF and K to the ECF
-warm, flushed skin
-headache, diarrhea, tremors
Laxatives; poop out your base; become Acidosis

Answer 22

Clinical symptoms of Metabolic Acidosis

Question 23

Monitor ABG’s and I&O’s
Monitor LOC
-position patient to facilitate effective breathing

Answer 23

Nursing Interventions for Metabolic Acidosis

Question 24

Increased Acid loss or secretions
Vomiting or NG tube
increased use of non K sparing diuretics
-Lasix
Increased adrenal corticoid hormones; increased HCO3 excessive intake

Eating Tums; alkalodic buildup of bicarb

Answer 24

Metabolic Alkalosis

common causes

Question 25

``` Decreased LoC, confusion seizures HA Hyperreflexia, Tetany; muscle shakes Neuromuscular excitability Dysrhythmias, hypotension Respiratory Failure BP drops ```

Answer 25

Clinical symptoms of Metabolic Alkalosis

Question 26

``` Monitor ABG's K Monitor I&O's VS LOC ```

Answer 26

Nursing Interventions for Metabolic Alkalosis

Question 27

Treat the underlying cause IVF's O2

Answer 27

Treatment for Metabolic Alkalosis

Question 28

``` IV NaHCO3 (sodium bicarb) Treat the underlying cause ```

Answer 28

Treatment for Metabolic Acidosis

Question 29

``` Impariment of alveolar gas exchange, acute pulmonary edema, pnemonia, asthma, cystic fibrosis, Chronic COPD stroke, MS Chronic Lung Disease Brain Injury Airway Obstructioin Mechanical Injury ```

Answer 29

Common Causes of Respiratory Acidosis

Question 30

Increased PaCo2; HCO3 is normal or less with renal compensation -vasodilation, cardiac dysrhythmias, tachycardia, somnolence, decreased ventilation opiate overdose

Answer 30

Clinical Manifestations for Respiratory Acidosis

Question 31

``` Assess Respiratory status LOC I&O's VS ABG's ```

Answer 31

Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Acidosis

Question 32

``` Admin inhalation therapies Bronchodilators ABX Narcotic Agonist; Narcan Percussion Postural Drainage Maintain adequate hydration ```

Answer 32

Treatment for Respiratory Acidosis

Question 33

``` Extreme anxiety Panic attacks; over ventilating Increased body temp, fever Over ventilted hypoxia Salicylate overdose Brain Stem injury ```

Answer 33

Common Causes of Respiratory Alkalosis

Question 34

``` Dizziness nausea, vomitting, tingling of extremities and/or mouth palpitations, chest tightness dyspnea Anxiety/panic Tremors/Tetany Seizures/ LOC ```

Answer 34

Clinical Symptoms of Respiratory Alkalosis

Question 35

``` Monitor ABG's VS Vent settings Encourage slow breath Teach stress reduction techniques ```

Answer 35

Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Alkalosis

Question 36

Admin Sedatives/antianxiety meds O2 Maintain fluid status

Answer 36

Treatment for Respiratory Alkalosis

Question 37

Volatile acid in the body; can be eliminated as gas

Answer 37

Carbonic acid H2CO3 separates in H2O and CO2