Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Nursing 201 > ACID-BASE BALANCE > Flashcards

ACID-BASE BALANCE Flashcards

(62 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

ACID BASE BALANCE

A

Process of regulating the pH, bicarbonate, and partial pressure of carbon dioxide of body fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

ACID PRODUCTION

A

Generation of acid through cellular metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

ACID BUFFERING

A

Process to control changes in pH by neutralizing acid with buffers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ACID EXCRETION

A

Removal of acid from the body by the renal system(slowly) and by breathing quicker, faster, deeper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

OPTIMAL LAB VALUES

A

pH- 7.35-7.45
CO2- 35-45
HCO3- 21-26

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

ACID BASE CONTROL ACTIONS : RESPIRATORY

A

Hyperventilation
Hypoventilation
Lungs compensate for acid-base imbalances of metabolic origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

ACID BASE CONTROL-KIDNEYS

A 
3rd line of defense against pH changes
Stronger regulating
Takes longer than lungs
Movement of bicarbonate
Kidneys compensate when respiratory system is overwhelmed or unhealthy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

COMPENSATION

A

Body’s attempt to correct pH
PH <6.9 or >7.8 is usually fatal
Respiratory system is more sensitive can begin compensating in seconds to minutes
Kidneys are more powerful fully triggered in several hours to days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

BICARBONATE

A

Weak base
Major buffer of ECF (extracellular fluid)
Intestinal absorption into ECF, kidney absorption and breakdown of carbonic acid
* level is usually 20 times greater than carbonic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

OPTIMAL ACID BASE BALANCE

A

Acid excretion keeps pace with acid production
Buffers are not overwhelmed
PH is maintained 7.35-7.45

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS

A

Chronic COPD (bronchitis)
End stage type A COPD (emphysema)
Not getting rid of CO2
DECREASED PAO2 WITH RISING PACO3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS

A 
Bluish tint
Patient cant catch breath
Vasodilation hypotension
Headache
Short of breath
K+ may rise
Drowsy
Difficulty getting air in and out
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

COPD

A 
Air gets obstructed from getting all air out. Lung capacity expands to accommodate extra air.
Emphysema( enlarged air spaces, barrel chest)
Chronic bronchitis ( excessive mucous production, productive cough every winter)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

NURSING RESPONSES TO IMPROVE OXYGENATION

A

Positioning
Pursed lip breathing
Relaxation techniques
Diaphragmatic breathing (belly breathing)]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

NURSING RESPONSE FOR AIRWAY CLEARANCE

A 
Stop smoking cessation 
Increase fluid intake
Teach correct techniques for deep breathing and cough
Physiotherapy and postural drainage
Balance activity with rest
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ACTIVITY TOLERANCE FOR COPD

A

Continue breathing exercises
Pace activities and monitor tolerance
Avoid temperature extreme temp changes
Pulmonary rehab classes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

IMPROVE NUTRITIONAL INTAKE

A 
High protein
High calories
Vitamin and nutritional supplements
Rest before meals
Small frequent meals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

METABOLIC ACIDOSIS

A

Too much H+ (hydrogen)

Too little HCO3 (bicarbonate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS METABOLIC ACIDOSIS

A 
Hot and dry
HYPERKALEMIA ( K+ leaves the cell, H+ goes in)
Diabetic ketoacidosis renal failure
Kaussmaul breathing
Hyperventilation
Dehydrated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

CAUSES OF METABOLIC ACIDOSIS

A

1) overproduction of hydrogen ions
2) under elimination of hydrogen ions (kidney failure)
3) underproduction of bicarbonate
4) overelimination of bicarbonate ions (diarrhea)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

TREATMENT OF METABOLIC ACIDOSIS

A

Rehydrate
Give insulin
Anti emetics
Anti diarrheal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

ALKALOSIS

A

Loss of too much acid or retention of too much base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS

A

Hyperventilation ( anxiety, fear, PE, mechanical respirations)
Dizzy, pale, confused
PH above 7.45
PCO2 under 35

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

METABOLIC ACIDOSIS

A

Increase of base or decrease of acids
Excessive intake of bicarbonate, carbonates, acetates, and citrates, use of too many antacids

Medical treatments such as massive blood transfusions and IV sodium bicarbonate given to correct acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
ALKALOSIS ASSESSMENT
Low calcium and low potassium levels Dizziness, agitation, confusion, and hyper reflexes, may progress to seizures Tingling and numbness may occur around the mouth and the toes (respiratory alkalosis) Positive chvostek’s and trousseau’s signs
26
CONSEQUENCES OF ALKALOSIS
Impaired cellular and organ function Altered cell function especially in the brain Progressive CNS changes Change in intracellular enzyme activity resulting in cell dysfunction Decreases level of consciousness, may cause dysrhythmias
27
CONSEQUENCES OF ACIDOSIS
COPD can become somnolent and less and less responsiveness
28
ARTERIAL BLOOD GASES NORMAL VALUES
PH 7.35-7.45 PaCO2 35-45 mm Hg HCO3 21-26 mEq/L (bicarbonate)
29
ROME
R espiratory O pposite High pH low PCO2 = alkalosis Low pH high PCO2 = acidosis M etabolic E qual High pH high PCO2 = alkalosis Low pH low PCO2 = acidosis
30
TIC TAC TOE METHOD
ACID / NORMAL/ BASE / / / /
31
FULL COMPENSATION
Occurs when pH is normal
32
PRIMARY PREVENTION FOR ACID BASE BALANCE
``` Healthy eating habits Safe weight loss Smoking prevention/cessation Poison control measures Safe food handling ```
33
A PATIENT IS BROUGHT TO ED WITH RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION. THE PATIENT HAS HISTORY OF COPD. WHAT ACID BASE IMBALANCE IS MOST LIKELY?
Respiratory acidosis
34
THGE REANAL SYSTEM IMPROVES pH BALANCE BY REGULATING?
Extracellular fluid electrolytes
35
CATECHOLAMINE
Destroys neurotransmitters
36
GAS EXCHANGE
Process by which oxygen is is transported to cells and carbon dioxide is transported from cells
37
HYPOXIA
Not having enough O2
38
ANOXIA
No oxygenation
39
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Upper and lower airways Lungs Alveoli Capillaries
40
IMPAIRED GAS EXCHANGE
Ineffective ventilation Reduced capacity for gas transportation Inadequate perfusion
41
INDIVIDUAL RISK FACTORS
``` Age Smoking Chronic medical conditions Immunosuppressive Reduced state of cognition Brain injury Prolonged immobility ```
42
COPD
Emphysema Chronic bronchitis Bronchospasm and dyspnea Tissue damage is not reversible, increases in severity, leads to respiratory failure
43
ELEMENTS OF RESPIRATORY ASSESSMENT
History Family history. Vital signs Current meds. Inspection Lifestyle behaviors. Auscultation of lung sounds Occupation Social environment Problem based history
44
COMMON DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR COPD
Arterial blood gases, CBC, sputum, biopsy Chest x-ray, CT, MRI, PET scan Pulmonary function studies Endoscopy
45
COMPLICATIONS OF COPD
Hypoxemia/ tissue anoxia Acidosis Respiratory infections Cardiac failure ( cor pulmonale, causes right side of heart to fail. Long term high blood pressure in the arteries of the lung and right ventricle of the heart) Cardiac dysrhythmias
46
INTERVENTIONS OF COPD
``` Improve oxygenation and reduce CO2 Prevent weight loss Minimize anxiety Improve activity tolerance Prevent respiratory infection ```
47
LAB ASSESSMENTS FOR COPD
``` ABG values Sputum samples CBC Hemoglobin and hematocrit Serum electrolytes Serum AAT Chest x-ray Pulmonary function test ```
48
CLINICAL MANAGEMENT FOR COPD
``` Smoking cessation Pharmacotherapy Nutrition therapy Positioning Chest physiotherapy Postural drainage Oxygen therapy devices Airway suctioning Endotracheal tubes Mechanical ventilation Chest tube management ```
49
BETA ADRENERGIC AGONISTS
Short acting- Long acting- Albuterol. Arformoterol Levalbuterol. Formoterol Pirbuterol. Salmeterol (combined with steroid to make Terbutaline. Advair) Metaproterenol
50
NONSELECTIVE ADRENERGICS
Stimulate alpha and both beta1 and beta 2 receptors (epinephrine)
51
NONSELECTIVE BETAADRENERGICS
Stimulate both beta 1 and beta 2 receptors (metaproterenol)
52
SELECTIVE BETA 2
Stimulates primarily beta 2 (albuterol)
53
BETA-AGONISTS
``` Dilation of airway Used in treatment and prevention of acute attacks Adverse effects include : Insomnia Restlessness Anorexia Hypoglycemia Tremor Cardiac stimulation ```
54
ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ALBUTEROL
Hypotension or hypertension Vascular headache Tremor If used to frequently it loses its beta2 specific actions at larger doses
55
ANTICHOLINERGICS
``` Ipratropium bromide (atrovent) Tiotropium (spiriva) ``` Used to prevent bronco constriction, not used for ACUTE asthma or COPD. Blocks acetylcholinewhich causes bronchial constriction
56
ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ANTICHOLINERGICS
``` Dry mouth Nasal congestion Heart palpitations GI distress Headache Cough Anxiety No known drug interactions ```
57
XANTHINE DERIVITIVES
Plant alkaloids , caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline | Increased cAMP levels, smooth muscle relaxation, bronchodilator,and increased airflow
58
NURSING IMPLICATIONS OF XANTHINE DERIVITIVES
Caution use in GI or PUD disorders and cardiac disease Report tremors, nausea, vomiting, insomnia, and irritability Be aware of drug interactions( oral contraceptives, antibiotics) Cigarette smoking enhances XANTHINE metabolism Interacting foods (charcoal broiled, high protein, low carb foods) Keep in therapeutic range (less than 20)
59
CORTICOSTEROIDS
Anti inflammatory Used for CHRONIC asthma and COPD Oral or inhaled forms May take several weeks before full affects are seen
60
INHALED CORTICOSTEROIDS
Beclomethasone diprpionate Dexamethasone sodium phosphate Fluticasone USED FOR LONG TERM TREATMENT OF ASTHMA AND COPD
61
NURSING IMPLICATIONS OF INHALED CORTICOSTEROIDS
Do not use in patients with psychosis, fungal infections, AIDS,TB Teach patients to gargle and rinse mouth after use If bronchodilator and steroid are ordered, make sure patient gets bronchodilator several minutes before inhaled steroid Clean mouth piece after each use Can cause glucose levels to rise
62
EXPECTORANTS
Loosening and thinning of respiratory tract secretions Results in thinner mucus that is easier to remove

Nursing 201 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions