Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Systems: The Urinary/Renal System > Acid Base Balance I, II and III > Flashcards

Acid Base Balance I, II and III Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal pH value for arterial blood ?

A

7.4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 2 main sources of H ions within the body and what affect do these have on pH?

A

Respiratory Acid - Helps compensate for an increase in HCO3

Metabolic Acid - Comes from inorganic and organic acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do buffers do?

A

Minimize the changes in pH when H ions are added or removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name an extracellular buffer system which is very important and state why

A

The bicarbonate buffer system
Without bicarbonate an increase in H ions would increase products and increase free H ions meaning only some of the products would be buffered.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the normal PCO2 ?

A

40mmHg (5.3kPa)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the ratio HCO3/H2CO3 in the blood according to the Henderson-Hasslebach equation?

A

20:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the ‘standard’ value for bicarbonate (HCO3)?

A

24mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does an increase in ventilation do for the bicarbonate buffering system?

A

Increases the buffering capacity?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is H ions eliminated from the body?

A

H is buffered until the kidneys excrete it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name the 4 primary intracellular buffers?

A

Proteins
Phosphates
Hb
Bone Carbonate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When H ions move in and out of the cell, they must be accompanied or exchanged with/by which ions?

A

Cl (Accompanied) K (Exchanged)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In acidosis what happens within the plasma that can lead to the depolarization of excitable tissues?

A

Hyperkalemia (Increase in K in ECF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where is the main site of buffering of metabolic acid (ICF/ECF)?

A

43% in ECF (HCO3)

57% in ICF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where is the main site of buffering of respiratory acid and what is the key ICF buffer here?

A

97% in cels (Hb)

3% plasma protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The kidney regulates bicarbonate by which 2 mechanisms and what do they depend on?

A

Re-absorption of filtered HCO3

Generation of new HCO3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

During the mechanism for re-absorption of HCO3 what is initially secreted from the tubule cells and what is it coupled with?

A

H is secreted & it couples with HCO3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Filtered HCO3 reacts with ____ to form_____

A

H

H2CO3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In the presence of ________ anhydrase, ______ will disassociate to _____ and _____

A

Carbonic

H2O and CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What will be found in the capillaries at the end of the HCO3 re-absorption process?

A

Na
HCO3
CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What will occur is there is failure to reabsorb HCO3?

A

Metabolic acidosis (Adding H ions to ECF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where does the bulk of HCO3 re-absorption take place?

A

Proximal tubule

22
Q

When there is a high amount of H ions in the urine __________ and _______ act as buffers

A

Several weak acids and bases

23
Q

The buffering of acidic urine is called what, and what does this generate?

A

Titratable acidity

Generates new Bicarbonate and excretes H ions

24
Q

In the generation of new HCO3 and ammonium excretion , _____ binds with Na and H to form______

A

NH3 NH4

25
Q

Within the _____ and _______ tubule cells ______ from the capillaries binds with water to form________

A

distal and proximal
CO2
H2CO3

26
Q

The main site for the formation of new HCO3 is_____

A

Distal tubule

27
Q

Ammonium is secreted in response to what?

A

An acid load

28
Q

NH3 is _____ soluble, NH4 is not.

A

Lipid

29
Q

How is NH3 produced within the cells of the tubules?

A

Glutamine breaking down into glutamate

30
Q

Ammonia combines with what in the distal tubule lumen to generate NH4?

A

Free H ions

31
Q

NH4 is excreted alongside which ion?

A

Cl

32
Q

Where is ammonium generated in the proximal tubule, and how is it transported for excretion?

A

Within the proximal tubule cell

Through an ammonium-Na transporter on the cell surface

33
Q

Respiratory disorders mainly affect______

A

PCO2

34
Q

Renal disorders usually affect ______

A

HCO3

35
Q

Name an acute and chronic cause of respiratory acidosis

A

Acute - Obstructions of major airways and depressed respiratory centers in the brain
Chronic - Lung diseases

36
Q

An increase in PCO2 will cause an _____ in HCO3, this will ______ HCO3 re-absorption

A

Increase

Increase

37
Q

What can be said about the PCO2 and HCO3 of individuals with lung disease

A

Increased PCO2

Increased HCO3

38
Q

Name an acute and chronic cause of respiratory alkalosis

A

Acute - Voluntary hyperventilation and first ascent to altitude
Chronic - Long-term residence at high altitude

39
Q

To protect ventilation in respiratory alkalosis HCO3 should _____, ______ HCO3 is produced and therefore less is _______

A

decrease
less
Re-absorbed

40
Q

Metabolic acidosis is when there is a decrease in what?

A

Decrease in HCO3

41
Q

Name 3 causes of metabolic acidosis

A

Loss of HCO3 (Diarrhoea)
Increase in H ion production
Renal failure (Inability to excrete H ions)

42
Q

Metabolic acidosis will stimulate ______ which will lower______

A

Ventilation

PCO2

43
Q

An increase in metabolic H ions would cause:
Immediate ______ in the ECF and ICF
_______ compensation within minutes

A

Buffering

Respiratory

44
Q

_________ compensation delays renal correction but protects pH

A

Respiratory

45
Q

In metabolic alkalosis HCO3 must have _______ and PCO2 has _____ to compensate

A

increased

Increased

46
Q

Name 3 causes of metabolic acidosis

A

Vomitting
Renal H ion loss
Excess HCO3
Massive blood transfusion

47
Q

How do you treat hyperkalaemia (3 Ways)?

______ (Stimulates cellular uptake of K)
___________ (Exchanges Ca ions for K ions)
______________ (Decreases excitability of the heart and stabilizes the cardiac muscle cell membranes)

A

Insulin
Ca Resonium
Ca Gluconate

48
Q

Hypovolaemia is the loss of _____ and water

A

NaCl

49
Q

Loss of HCl would cause metabolic ______

A

Alkalosis

50
Q

Hypovolaemia stimulates the release of which hormone from the adrenal gland?

This hormone will _____ Na absorption in the distal tubule

A

Aldosterone

Increase

Systems: The Urinary/Renal System (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions