Acid/Base Disorders

Question 1

Is venous blood or arterial blood more acidic?

Answer 1

Venous blood (lower pH)

Question 2

The most important extracellular buffer system in the body is

Answer 2

Bicarbonate

Question 3

Normal partial pressure of CO2 is

Answer 3

around 40 mmHg

Question 4

CO2 is excreted via

Answer 4

the lungs

Question 5

Increase in free protons means the same as

Answer 5

Decrease in bicarbonates

Question 6

In acidosis,

Answer 6

the kidney fail to reabsorb all the filtered bicarb leading to an increase in extracellular hydrogen

Question 7

Kidneys regulate

Answer 7

pH

Question 8

A/B regulation via kidney occurs how

Answer 8

Hydrogen secretion
Bicarb reabsorption
Bicarb production

Question 9

What are the substances that will affect sodium reabsorption?

Answer 9

Proximal nephron

Angiotensin 2

Question 10

Ammonia/Ammonium Ion as a buffer for hydrogen in the urine

Answer 10

Protons can be accepted and thus changes of pH in urine can be minimal

Question 11

pH of the urine depends on

Answer 11

Free protons in the urine

Question 12

Increased H secretion and Bicarb reabsorption via

Answer 12

Increased PCO2
Increase H 
Decrease Bicarb
Decreased ECF
Increased Ang II and Aldosterone
Hypokalemia

Question 13

Binge drink =

Answer 13

Acidosis bc of the accumulation of ketoacids

Question 14

Alcoholics who vomit a lot =

Answer 14

Loss of acid so alkalosis

Question 15

Metabolic =

Answer 15

Primary change is due to bicarb

Problem in the tissue

Question 16

So alcoholic again… Drinking for 3 days + vomiting =

Answer 16

Additional metabolic alkalosis

Question 17

Respiratory =

Answer 17

Primarily related to CO2 change

Problem in the lungs

Question 18

Normal H+

Answer 18

40 mEq/L

Question 19

Normal PCO2

Answer 19

40 mmHg

Question 20

Normal Bicarb

Answer 20

24 mEq/L

Question 21

Respiratory Alkalosis =

Answer 21

Pulmonary ventilation increased - overventilation occurs

Question 22

Metabolic acidosis caused by:

Answer 22

excess acid
kidneys can’t excrete acids
ingestion of acids
loss of base (diarrhea)

Question 23

Lactic acid accumulation

Answer 23

CO, Cyanide

Question 24

Ketoacidosis via DM

Answer 24

> > > 500 –> formation of ketoacids

Volume depleted and isotonic solution required

Question 25

***Renal tubular acidosis =

Answer 25

Defects in H+ secretion and bicarb reabsorption | - CRF, Addison's disease, Fanconi's syndrome

Question 26

Two stages of metabolic alkalosis

Answer 26

``` Generative stage (loss of acids) Maintenance stage (kidneys just don't excrete bicarb) ```

Question 27

Causes of Metabolic alkalsis

Answer 27

Diuretics Hyperaldosteronism Alkaline drugs Vomiting

Question 28

Diabetic ketoacidosis + pneumonia =

Answer 28

Metabolic acidosis + respiratory acidosis

Question 29

****Anion Gab

Answer 29

[Na+] - [Cl-] - [HCO3]

Question 30

Normal sodium =

Answer 30

144

Question 31

Normal chloride =

Answer 31

108

Question 32

Normal bicarbonate

Answer 32

24

Question 33

Normal anion gap =

Answer 33

10 | Increase = metabolic acidosis

Question 34

High AG =

Answer 34

Endogenous acid production or accumulation of endogenous acids or toxins (ethylene glycol, methanol)

Question 35

Normal AG

Answer 35

Loss of bicarbonate (diarrhea) or renal tubular acidosis

Question 36

Increase in bicarb can be seen with

Answer 36

Metabolic alkalosis | Respiratory acidosis

Question 37

Decrease in bicarb occurs in

Answer 37

metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis

Question 38

Four causes of high AG

Answer 38

Ketoacidosis Lactic acid acidosis Renal Failure Toxin

Question 39

Two causes of hyperchloremic or non-gap acidosis

Answer 39

bicarbonate loss from GI tract | Renal tubular acidosis