Acid / Base intro

Question 1

Acids have more ______ ions.

Answer 1

H+

Question 2

What are acids able to do with H+ ions?

Answer 2

Donate them

Question 3

Bases have less H+ but they are able to do what?

Answer 3

Accept H+ or give up OH- ions.

Question 4

How do strong acids behave in solution?

Answer 4

Dissociates completely.

Question 5

How do weak acids behave in solution?

Answer 5

Dissociate partially.

Question 6

What are 4 roles of H+ in the body?

Answer 6

Help maintain cell membranes
Help with enzyme activity
Component of water and helps keep the body hydrated
Help with energy production

Question 7

What pH is neutral?

Answer 7

7

Question 8

What are specific reasons the body functions best within serum pH ranges?

Answer 8

-Enzymes function within narrow pH ranges
-Acid/base balance affects Na+, K+, Cl-
-Can affect hormones
-Oxygen transport and delivery depends on pH

Question 9

How is oxygen transport and delivery changed with a more acidic pH?

Answer 9

Hemoglobin gives oxygen up easier at the tissue.

Question 10

How is oxygen transport and delivery changed with a more alkaline pH?

Answer 10

Hemoglobin will hold oxygen tighter and not give it to the tissues.

Question 11

What pHs are incompatible with life?

Answer 11

< 6.8
> 7.8

Question 12

What are the 2 types of acids in the body?

Answer 12

Volatile and nonvolatile acids.

Question 13

What are volatile acids?

Answer 13

Acids that can be converted to gas and excreted / eliminated by the lungs.

Question 14

What is the only volatile acid in the body?

Answer 14

Carbonic acid (H2CO3).

Question 15

What are the examples of nonvolatile acids in the body?

Answer 15

Lactic acid
Phosphoric acid
Sulfuric acid
Acetoacetic acid
Beta-hydroxybutyric acid

Question 16

How is lactic acid eliminated from the body?

Answer 16

Kidneys

Question 17

What does phosphoric acid work with and why?

Answer 17

Calcium to form bones and support kidney function.

Question 18

Where is acetoacetic acid made?

Answer 18

In the liver.

Question 19

When would beta-hydroxybutyric acid be elevated?

Answer 19

Exercise, fasting, or calorie restriction.

Question 20

What are 3 ways in which the body tries to maintain acid-base homeostasis?

Answer 20

Buffers, the respiratory system, renal

Question 21

What are buffers?

Answer 21

Chemicals in the body that combine with acid or base to change the pH because they can accept or release H+. These can happen almost instantaneous but are short lived.

Question 22

What are the 3 types of buffer in the body?

Answer 22

Bicarbonate - carbonic acid buffer
Phosphate buffer
Protein buffer

Question 23

What is the main ECF buffer?

Answer 23

Bicarbonate - carbonic acid

Question 24

How is carbonic acid (H2CO3) made in the body?

Answer 24

From CO2 (as a byproduct of cellular metabolism) and water (found from the serum) (this happens in the lungs) via the assistance of carbonic anhydrase (which is made in the lungs and kidneys).
Alternatively, made from bicarbonate and H+ joining together (this can happen in the kidneys)
this is why the kidneys and the lungs can change pH

Question 25

What is the main intracellular buffer?

Answer 25

Phosphate buffer

Question 26

What is the action of the phosphate buffer system?

Answer 26

Hydrogen + hydrogen phosphate (which can act as either a base or an acid) = dihydrogen phosphate This makes the system less acidic because the hydrogen is no longer free.

Question 27

Hemoglobin is considered what type of buffer?

Answer 27

Protein

Question 28

How does the body get rid of carbonic acid?

Answer 28

Exhalation

Question 29

Do respiratory mechanisms affect non-volatile acid concentrations in the body?

Answer 29

No

Question 30

What type of acid can the kidneys not excrete?

Answer 30

Carbonic acid (done by lungs)

Question 31

What system is the most effective regulator of pH?

Answer 31

Kidneys

Question 32

What are the rates of correction for buffers, respiratory, and renal mechanisms to stabilize pH?

Answer 32

Buffer = almost instantly Respiratory = minutes - hours Kidney = hours - days

Question 33

In the body what is considered acidotic and alkaline?

Answer 33

< 7. 35 = acidosis > 7.45 = alkaline

Question 34

If the underlying problem is metabolic, what system compensates?

Answer 34

The respiratory system

Question 35

If the underlying problem is respiratory, what system compensates?

Answer 35

The renal system

Question 36

How does respiration rate, blood CO2, and blood carbonic acid respond to acidosis?

Answer 36

RR: increase CO2: decrease Carbonic acid: decreases

Question 37

How does respiration rate, blood CO2, and blood carbonic acid respond to alkalosis?

Answer 37

RR: decrease CO2: increase Carbonic acid: increases

Question 38

What is the primary controller of the carbonic acid supply?

Answer 38

The lungs

Question 39

If someone is hyperventilating (blowing off more CO2) how does that change their pH?

Answer 39

Increases - more basic

Question 40

If someone is hypoventilating (retaining CO2) how does that change their ph?

Answer 40

Decreases - more acidic

Question 41

What is the primary controlled of the bicarbonate supply?

Answer 41

The kidneys

Question 42

What is the normal pH values in the body?

Answer 42

7.35 - 7.45

Question 43

What is the normal CO2 values in the body?

Answer 43

35-45

Question 44

What is the normal pO2 values in the body?

Answer 44

80-100

Question 45

What is the normal HCO3 values in the body?

Answer 45

22-26