Acidosis_and_Alkalosis_Full_Flashcards
(100 cards)
What is the normal range of systemic arterial pH?
7.35 to 7.45.
Which organs are primarily responsible for maintaining acid-base homeostasis?
Lungs and kidneys.
What is the role of the kidneys in regulating plasma bicarbonate levels?
Regulate acid-base balance by reabsorbing or excreting bicarbonate.
What condition results from the underexcretion of CO2?
Hypercapnia.
What is the typical steady-state value for PaCO2?
40 mmHg.
How is the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation used in acid-base disorders?
It describes the relationship between bicarbonate and CO2 to determine pH.
What does an elevated anion gap indicate?
The presence of unmeasured anions in the blood.
Name two major categories of metabolic acidosis.
High-anion gap and normal-anion gap.
What is Winter’s equation used for?
To predict the expected PaCO2 in metabolic acidosis.
What is the compensation pattern in metabolic alkalosis?
Increased PaCO2 by 0.75 mmHg per mmol/L increase in HCO3-.
List three causes of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis.
Diarrhea, renal tubular acidosis, external pancreatic drainage.
What are the clinical features of metabolic acidosis?
Kussmaul respiration, CNS depression, cardiac depression.
How does vomiting cause metabolic alkalosis?
Loss of HCl from gastric secretions increases serum bicarbonate.
What are mixed acid-base disorders?
Coexisting acid-base disorders not explained by compensation.
What is the treatment for high-anion gap metabolic acidosis due to lactic acidosis?
Correct underlying cause, restore perfusion, and administer NaHCO3 for severe acidemia.
Define respiratory acidosis.
Elevated PaCO2 and decreased pH.
What is the hallmark of respiratory alkalosis?
Low PaCO2 due to hyperventilation.
What conditions can cause a high-anion gap metabolic acidosis?
Lactic acidosis, ketoacidosis, renal failure, ingested toxins.
What are the treatment goals for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
Restore volume, correct acidosis, and administer insulin.
What are two main types of lactic acidosis?
Type A (poor perfusion) and Type B (metabolic disorders).
What is the normal range of systemic arterial pH?
7.35 to 7.45.
Which organs are primarily responsible for maintaining acid-base homeostasis?
Lungs and kidneys.
What is the role of the kidneys in regulating plasma bicarbonate levels?
Regulate acid-base balance by reabsorbing or excreting bicarbonate.
What condition results from the underexcretion of CO2?
Hypercapnia.
