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Chem 20 > Acids and Bases 20-21 > Flashcards

Acids and Bases 20-21 Flashcards

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1
Q

What do metallic oxides form when dissolved in water?

A

Bases

Metallic oxides, such as BaO, undergo reactions to yield bases in water.

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2
Q

What are bases that react with water in two or more steps called?

A

Polyprotic bases

Examples include Na2OOCCOO and K3PO4

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3
Q

What are the limitations of the original Arrhenius definition?

A

Some neutral substances are actually basic

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4
Q

What is the term for acids with two hydrogens?

A

Diprotic

Acids with three hydrogens are called triprotic

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5
Q

What is the first step in the reaction of Na2O with water?

A

Hydrolysis

This step involves the reaction of sodium oxide with water to form sodium hydroxide.

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6
Q

What are two ways to deal with acid or base spills?

A

Dilution and Neutralization

Dilution reduces concentration by adding water, while neutralization uses a weak acid or base

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7
Q

What is a modified Arrhenius base?

A

A substance that reacts with water to produce OH- ions in aqueous solution

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8
Q

If the pH of a solution increases by 3.0, the concentration of hydroxide ions in solution will:

A

Increase by 1000x

A 3 unit increase in pH corresponds to a 1000-fold increase in the concentration of hydroxide ions.

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9
Q

What is the reaction of ammonia (NH3) in water?

A

NH3(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)

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10
Q

How do you calculate pH from hydronium ion concentration?

A

pH = -log[H3O+]

This formula allows for the conversion of hydronium ion concentration to pH.

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11
Q

What characterizes a weak base?

A

It does not dissociate 100% and only a small percentage forms ions in solution.

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12
Q

What are acids that have only one hydrogen atom per molecule that can ionize called?

A

Monoprotic acids

Examples include HCl(aq), HF(aq), and CH3COOH(aq)

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13
Q

List the six strong acids that must be memorized.

A
  • Perchloric acid (HClO4)
  • Hydrobromic acid (HBr)
  • Hydroiodic acid (HI)
  • Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
  • Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
  • Nitric acid (HNO3)
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14
Q

What is the pOH range for basic substances?

A

1 to 7

A pOH greater than 7 indicates an acidic solution.

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15
Q

What does a base do to OH- in an aqueous solution?

A

Increases it

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16
Q

What is always the product of a neutralization reaction between a strong acid and a strong base?

A

Water

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17
Q

What is the relationship between pH and pOH?

A

pH + pOH = 14

This relationship holds true at standard ambient temperature and pressure (SATP).

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18
Q

What happens when HSO4- reacts with H2O?

A

It can produce H3O+(aq)(acid) or SO42-(aq)(base) depending on the reaction

HSO4- can act as either an acid or a base

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19
Q

When polyprotic acids ionize, how many hydrogen atoms are removed at a time?

A

One hydrogen atom

Each ionization step results in a progressively weaker acid

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20
Q

What element do acids always contain?

A

Hydrogen

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21
Q

What indicates that an acid is weak?

A

The use of the equilibrium arrow in its reaction.

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22
Q

Define an Arrhenius base.

A

A substance that dissociates to form hydroxide ions, OH-(aq), in water

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23
Q

When the pOH of a solution changes from 5.15 to 2.15, the [H3O+(aq)] _________by a factor of ______.

A

Decreases by a factor of 1000

*decreases by 3(10x10x10)

Changes in pOH directly affect the concentration of hydronium ions.

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24
Q

A solution with a pH of 11 is ______ times more basic than a solution with a pH of 9.

A

100

2 so (10x10)

There is a 10x change in [H3O+] for every 1 unit change in pH.

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25
What do acids produce when they ionize?
H+(aq) ## Footnote Acids release hydrogen ions in aqueous solutions.
26
What happens to HBr when it dissolves in water?
It completely ionizes to form H3O+(aq) and Br-(aq).
27
What is the reaction of acetic acid (CH3COOH) in water?
CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + CH3COO-(aq)
28
What type of scale is the pH scale?
Logarithmic scale ## Footnote The pH scale is logarithmic, meaning each whole number change represents a tenfold change in [H3O+].
29
What is the pH range of strong acids?
pH 0-1.
30
What is produced in the second step of the reaction involving Na2O?
Dissociation to produce OH-(aq) ## Footnote The dissociation of NaOH in water releases hydroxide ions.
31
Fill in the blank: Metallic oxides are substances made from a ______ and oxygen.
metal ## Footnote Metallic oxides include compounds like BaO.
32
What is a strong acid?
An acid that ionizes almost 100% in water.
33
What did Arrhenius propose about some compounds in solution?
They form electrically charged particles
34
What mnemonic helps remember the naming of hydrogen sulfite?
Spr – ite tastes delici -ous
35
What is the dissociation reaction of NaOH in water?
NaOH(aq) → Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)
36
What is produced in a neutralization reaction between an acid and a base?
An ionic compound and water ## Footnote The products are generally neutral
37
True or False: Strong acids and bases react vigorously with metals.
True.
38
What do non-metallic oxides form when dissolved in water?
Acids ## Footnote Non-metallic oxides, like CO2, react with water to form acids.
39
Who first proposed the theory on acids and bases?
Arrhenius
40
What are empirical properties?
Observable properties of a substance
41
What is the chemical equation for the ionization of hydrochloric acid?
HCl(g) → H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) ## Footnote This equation shows the dissociation of hydrochloric acid in water.
42
At standard conditions (25°C), what is the typical pH range for most solutions?
1.0 to 14.0 ## Footnote pH values can be negative or exceed 14 under certain conditions.
43
Which groups of elements are typically strong bases?
Group 1 and Sr, Ba.
44
Fill in the blank: Acids and bases must be handled with care due to their _______.
reactivity and corrosiveness
45
What ion is formed as a result of H+ ions being attracted to water molecules?
Hydronium ion (H3O+) ## Footnote The formation of hydronium ions occurs when hydrogen ions associate with water.
46
Define an Arrhenius acid.
A substance that ionizes to form hydrogen ions, H+(aq), in water
47
What is the Arrhenius theory of acids and bases?
An explanation of the properties of acids and bases
48
What state do acids always have?
aq
49
What is the pH range for acidic substances?
1 to 7 ## Footnote A pH less than 7 indicates an acidic solution.
50
What are substances that can behave as an acid or a base depending on the other chemicals present called?
Amphiprotic or amphoteric species ## Footnote Example: H2O can act as either an acid or a base
51
What concept did Soren Sorenson devise in 1909?
The pH scale ## Footnote The pH scale is used to measure the acidity or basicity of a solution.
52
What characterizes a weak acid?
It does not ionize 100% and only a small percentage forms ions in solution.
53
Fill in the blank: Non-metallic oxides are substances made from a ______ and oxygen.
non-metal ## Footnote Non-metallic oxides include compounds like CO2.
54
Which acid has a lower conductivity, HCl or HF?
HF ## Footnote Conductivity is generally higher in strong acids compared to weak acids.
55
Why do H+(aq) ions not exist in isolation in aqueous solutions?
They are attracted to the negative poles of water molecules ## Footnote The highly positive charge of H+ ions interacts with the polar nature of water.
56
What does the 'p' in pH and pOH signify?
−log ## Footnote The 'p' indicates that the value is derived from the negative logarithm of the concentration.
57
What is a strong base?
A base that dissociates 100% into ions in water.
58
What are bases that react with water in only one step to form OH- ions called?
Monoprotic bases ## Footnote Example: NH3(aq) + H2O(l) → NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)
59
What is the chemical equation for the hydrolysis of Na2O?
Na2O(s) + H2O(l) → 2 NaOH(aq) ## Footnote This reaction shows sodium oxide reacting with water to create sodium hydroxide.
60
In the reaction of polyprotic bases, how many OH−(aq) ions are formed at a time?
One OH−(aq) ion ## Footnote Each new base formed is weaker than the last
61
empirical properties of neutrals:
- electrolytes AND non electrolytes - do not affect indicators the same way - pH = 7
62
What is an Arrhenius acid (modified)?
A substance that reacts with water to produce H3O+(aq) ions ## Footnote This definition expands on the traditional Arrhenius concept by focusing on hydronium ions.
63
empirical properties of bases:
- bitter taste - electrolytes - neutralize acids - react with indicators - litmus paper red to blue - bromothymol blue stays blue - phenolphthalein is pink - pH is greater than 7
64
How do you calculate pOH from hydroxide ion concentration?
pOH = −log[OH−(aq)] ## Footnote This formula mirrors the calculation for pH but uses hydroxide ion concentration.
65
What does an acid do to [H+](aq) in an aqueous solution?
Increases it
66
Which acid has a higher concentration of hydronium ions, HCl or HF?
HCl ## Footnote HCl is a strong acid, while HF is a weak acid.
67
What are acids that contain two or more hydrogen atoms that can ionize called?
Polyprotic acids ## Footnote Examples include HOOCCOOH(aq) and H3PO4(aq)
68
empirical properties of acids:
- sour taste - electrolytes - neutralize bases - react with indicators - litmus paper blue to red - bromothymol bluue turns yellow - phenolphthalein turns clear - reacts with metals to produce H2 - pH less than 7
69
Can monoprotic acids be strong or weak?
Yes ## Footnote Examples include strong acid HBr and weak acid HCOOH
70
Give an example of a substance that is basic but might be predicted to be neutral.
Na2CO3(aq) or NH3(aq)
71
What are the two factors that determine the acidic and basic properties of a substance?
* The concentration of the solution. * The identity of the acid or base.

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