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Chemistry IGCSE > Acids, Bases + Salts > Flashcards

Acids, Bases + Salts Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of ions do acids produce in water

A

H+ ions

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2
Q

What are the “rules” for solubility of salts?

A

K+, Na+,NH4+ = all salts soluble
NO3 − = all salts soluble
SO4 2− = all soluble, except Pb2+, Ba2+, Ca2+
Cl − = all soluble, except Pb2+, Ag+
CO3 2− = all INsoluble, except K+, Na, NH4+

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3
Q

What is the general equation for a neutralisation reaction? What is the general equation for when an acid and alkali react?

A

Acid + Base → Salt + Water

Acid + Alkali → Salt + Water

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4
Q

What is the general equation for
the reaction between metal
carbonate and acid?

A

Metal Carbonate + Acid → Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide

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5
Q

What is the general equation for the reaction between metal oxide and acid?

A

Metal Oxide + Acid → Salt + Water

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6
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

A reaction where both oxidation and reduction occurs

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7
Q

How are oxidation and reduction defined in terms of electron transfer?

A

Oxidation – loss of electrons.

Reduction – gain of electrons.

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8
Q

What is oxidation/reduction in terms of oxygen?

A
  • Oxidation is the addition of oxygen to a substance.

- Reduction is the loss of oxygen from a substance.

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9
Q

What is an oxidising agent? What is a reducing

agent?

A
  • An oxidising agent is a species that gets reduced in a redox reaction (gains electrons; causes the oxidation of another substance).
  • A reducing agent is a species that gets oxidised in a redox reaction (loses electrons; causes the reduction of another substance).
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10
Q

What do acids and alkalis produce in aqueous solutions?

A
  • Acids produce hydrogen ions (H+)

- alkalis produce hydroxide ions (OH-)

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11
Q

What are bases?

A
  • Bases are compounds that neutralise acids to produce a salt
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12
Q

What are acids?

A
  • Acids are substances that produce hydrogen ions in aqueous solutions
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13
Q

What are alkalis?

A
  • Alkalis are soluble bases that produce hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions
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14
Q

State the general equation for a neutralisation reaction in a short, ionic form

A

H(+) + OH(−) → H2O

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15
Q

What is a strong acid? What is a weak acid?

A
  • Strong acid is completely ionised in aqueous solution

- weak acid is only partially ionised in aqueous solution

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16
Q

What happens to pH as

concentration of H+ increases?

A
  • It decreases as the more concentrated the acid, the lower the pH is
17
Q

What is a concentrated acid and
what is a dilute acid? Is this the
same as a strong and weak acid?

A
  • Concentrated has more moles of acid per unit volume of water than dilute (dilute refers to solutions of low concentrations).
  • Not the same - concentration is not the same thing as the strength of an acid.
  • Strength refers to whether the acid is completely ionised in water (strong) or only partially (weak).
18
Q

An acid is a proton ….

A

donor

19
Q

A base is a proton ….

A

acceptor

20
Q

What is a salt

A
  • a metal or ammonium ion

- with a negative ion from an acid

21
Q

example of the use of ammonia as a base

A

● HCl + NH3 -> NH4Cl

22
Q

Describe an experiment to prepare a pure, dry sample of a soluble salt, starting from an insoluble reactant

A

● add excess insoluble base to the acid
● filter to remove unreacted base
● heat the solution so that water evaporates and crystals of the salt remain

23
Q

Describe an experiment to prepare a pure, dry sample of a soluble salt, starting from an insoluble reactant
STEP BY STEP

A
  1. measure acid into beaker
  2. warm acid to speed up reaction
  3. add solid until no more disappears
  4. filter to remove excess solid
  5. filtrate contains solution of soluble salt
  6. heat solution until crystals form
  7. allow to cool, then filter to obtain crystals
  8. dry in warm oven
24
Q

Describe an experiment to prepare a pure, dry sample of a SOLUBLE salt, starting from an acid and alkali

A

● use a titration to find the exact volume of the alkali that reacts with the acid
● mix the exact volumes of the acid and base
● warm solution so that water evaporates and crystals of the salt remain

25
Q

Describe an experiment to prepare a pure, dry sample of a soluble salt, starting from an acid and alkali STEP BY STEP

A
  1. fill burette with acid
  2. pipette base into conical flask
  3. add indicator
  4. add acid gradually until colour change
  5. record volume added
  6. repeat using concordant
  7. repeat using average volume of acid added and no indicator
  8. heat solution until crystals form
  9. allow to cool, then filter to obtain crystals
  10. dry in warm oven
26
Q

Describe an experiment to prepare a pure, dry sample

of an INSOLUBLE salt, starting from two soluble reactants

A

● mix solutions of 2 soluble reactants
● filter mixture (insoluble salt will remain on filter paper)
● wash salt with distilled water
● leave salt to dry in a warm over

27
Q

all common acids are …. in water

A

soluble

28
Q

What is a solvent

A

The liquid in which a solute dissolves

29
Q

What is a solute

A

The substance that dissolves in a liquid to form a solution

30
Q

What is a solution

A

The mixture that is formed when a solute has dissolved in a solvent

31
Q

What is a saturated solution

A

A chemical solution containing the maximum concentration of a solute dissolved in the solvent

32
Q

What is solubility

A

The maximum amount of solute which dissolves in a solvent

Chemistry IGCSE (11 decks)

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