Acitivity 1 review Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
change in the original shape and size of a rock.
A
Deformation
2
Q
deformation of materials from stress; ratio of changes in length to the original length
A
strain
3
Q
successive stages of deformation ( 3 enumerate )
A
elastic, ductile, fracture
4
Q
irereversible strain wherein the material breaks.
A
fracture
5
Q
process of rock formations ( 2 enumerate )
A
folding and faulting
6
Q
wherein the strain is reversible
A
elastic
7
Q
wherein the strain is irreversible
A
ductile
8
Q
occurs when rock pushed towards each other from opposite sides, become ductile solids, produced by horizontal comprehensive stresses
A
folding
9
Q
force acting on a material that produces a strain
A
stress
10
Q
stress where the forces act equally from all directions.
A
pressure
11
Q
refers to the stress that is not equal from all directions
A
differential stress
12
Q
common types of folds ( 2 enumerate )
A
anticline, syncline
13
Q
fold that is arched upward, ridge
A
anticline
14
Q
fold that is arched downward, through
A
syncline
15
Q
fracturing and displacement of brittle rocks along a fault plane
A
faulting
16
Q
types of stress ( enumerate 3 )
A
tension, compression, shearing
17
Q
stretched rocks
A
tension
18
Q
pushes rocks together
A
compression
19
Q
causes masses of rocks to slip
A
shearing
20
Q
the blocks are pulled apart
A
normal fault
21
Q
the blocks are pushed together
A
reverse fault
22
Q
two blocks slide past each other
A
transform fault
23
Q
seafloor on other side of ridges spread away from the crest
A
SEAFLOOR SPREADING
24
Q
contains crust and uppermost part of mantle
A
LITHOSPHERE
25
composed of partially melted rocks in upper mantle that acts in a plastic manner.
ASTHENOSPHERE
26
Plates of lithosphere are moved around by underlying hot mantle.
PLATE MOVEMENT
27
concept of horizontal or upwards and downward movement of mantle.
CONVECTION CELLS
28
tectonic plates moving away from each other
DIVERGENT BOUNDARIES
29
tectonic plates converging
CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES
30
shearing forces causes rocks to slide past one another.
TRANSFORM BOUNDARIES
31
stretching and thinning of rocks resulting in faulting
TENSIONAL FORCES
32
forms mountain but has no volcanism.
CONTINENT - CONTINENT
33
results in chain of volcanoes
CON TINENT - OCEANIC
34
Causes to sink into mantle forming subduction zone
OCEAN - OCEAN
35
very deep depresssion in the ocean floor
TRENCH
36
An astronomer used biology and geology to describe pangea and continental drift
ALFRED WEGENER
37
single landmass out of all earth's continent
PANGEA
38
located near the south pole during the assembly of Pangea exhibit evidence of glaciation
PALEOCLIMATES
39
rich placer deposits of gold are found on the ghana coast but the source are in brazil
PLACER DEPOSITS
40
sedimentary rocks formed out of deposits of glaciers
TILLITE DEPOSITS
41
helpful for exploring and mapping the ocean by sound wave
SONAR
42
canadian geophysicist combined continetal drift and seafloor spreading
JOHN TUZO
43
downsloped movement of rocks
MASS WASTING
44
rock fragments
ROCK FALL
45
a large rock body
ROCK SLIDE
46
a large rock body that slides and then breaks into small fragments
ROCK AVALANCHE
47
soil or other overburden
CREEP OR SOIL FLUCTION
48
thick deposits of unconsolidated sediment
SLUMP
49
loose sediment with a significant component of silt and clay
MUDFLOW
50
sand gravel and larger fragmments
DEBRIS FLOW
51
help map and characterize the layers of the earth
S WAVES
52
first type of wave to arrise at seismic recording stations
P WAVES
53
part of lithospshere
CRUST
54
divides Crust
CONRAD DISCONUINITY
55
igneous sedimentary and metamorphic
CONTINENTAL CRUST
56
basalts and sometimes called SIMA
OCEANIC CRUST
57
thickness 2885 km SIMA
MANTLE
58
divides mantle
MOHORIVICIC DISCONUINITY
59
soft layer of the mantle on which pieces of lithosphere move
ASTHENOSPHERE
60
inner layer of earth
CORE
61
composed of liquid NIFE ( nickel and iron )
OUTER CORE
62
divides outer core
GUTTENBERG'S DISCONUINTY
63
composed of solid NIFE ( nickel and iron (
INNER CORE
64
divides inner core
LEHMANN DISCONUINITY
65
process formed occuring beneath the surface of the earth
ENDOGENIC PROCESS
66
process of formation and movement of magma u der the earth's crust
MAGMATISM
67
the kind of melting can occur when the temperature stays the same but the temperature decreases
DECOMPRESSION MELTING
68
triggered when volatie or gaseos substance are added in hot solid rocks
FLUX MELTING
69
melting of surrounding rocks caused by very hot magma
HEAT TRANSFER MELTING
70
when a rock begins to met only certain materials are melted
PARTIAL MELTING
71
when magma cools and mineral grains start to form
CRYSTALLIZATION OF MAGMA
72
usually happens after magma is formed
VOLCANISM
73
flow of lava and formation of fountain and lakes
EFFUSIVE
74
flow of high silica content and more viscous
EXPLOSIVE
75
broad dome with gentle scope ; made of basaltic lava
SHIELD VOLCANO
76
tends to build large and high volcanic edifice
STRATOVOLCANO
77
consists of small cone formed spattering lava; small fragements of rocks
CINDER CONE
78
refers to the shaking of earth as a result of breaking or shifting of the rocks of the tectonic plates.
EARTHQUAKE
79
happens when energy is released as a result of collision
TECTONIC EARTHQUAKE
80
it causes by movements of molten materials or gas pressure inside a volcano
VOLCANIC EARTHQUAKE
81
center or source of earthquake
FOCUS / HYPOCENTER
82
ground above focus
EPICENTER
83
damage caused by earthquake
INTENSITY
84
amount of energy released
MAGNITUDE
85
process when a rock changes its form into a new one without undergoing melting
METAMORPHISM
86
refers to change in shape and size of minerals without changing its density
RECRYSTALLIZATION
87
transforms a grain of one mineral into a grain of mateer mineral having the same composition
PHASE CHANGE
88
growth of minerals that differ from those in the photoliths
NEO - CRYSTALLIZATION
89
refers to the dissolution of mineral grains when a rock is squeezed dominantly in one direction
PRESSURE SOLUTION
90
it refers to some minerals become flattened or elongated without changing either the composition or crystal structure due to their plastic behaviour
PLASTIC DEFORMATION
91
qualitive measurement
RELATIVE AGE
92
father of modern geology
JAMES HUTTON
93
father of stratigraphy -
NICOLAS STENO
94
process of creating layers of rocks
STRATIFICATION
95
horizontal layers present in most sedimentary rocks
STRATA
96
proper chronological placement of a feature object or happening in geologic time scale
RELATIVE DATING
97
method of reading the order
STRATIGRAPHY
98
top of strata is youngest while the bottom of strata is oldest
LAW OF SUPERPOSITION
99
rocks layer are continous until they come into contact with other solid bodies
LAW OF LATERAL CONTINUITY
100
if a body of rock cuts through another body of rock thwn it must be younger in age
LAW OF CROSS CUTTING
101
surfaces of errosion and non deposition that seperate younger rocks from older ones
UNCONFIRMITIES
102
when erosion ends a new horizontal layer is deposited on top of the tilted layer
ANGULAR UNCONFORMITY
103
metamorphic or igneous rock in contact with sedimentary strata
NONCONFORMITY
104
sediment layers are exposed to weathering and erosion resulting in an irregular surface
DISCONFORMITY
105
strata are parallel to one another and the contact is a simple bedding plane
PARACONFORMITY
106
remnants o0f any ancient animal or plant
FOSSILS
