Act 13 A - The Heart

Question 1

The heart is located in the _____, the cavity between the lungs.

Answer 1

mediastinum

Question 2

True or False

The heart is tilted so that its pointed end, the apex, points downward toward the RIGHT hip, while the broad end, the base, faces upward toward the LEFT shoulder.

Answer 2

False

The heart is tilted so that its pointed end, the apex, points downward toward the LEFT hip, while the broad end, the base, faces upward toward the RIGHT shoulder.

Question 3

The pointed end of the heart is the _____

Answer 3

apex

Question 4

The broad end of the heart is the _____

Answer 4

base

Question 5

What are the three layers of the heart?

Answer 5

Epicardium, Myocardium, and Endocardium

Question 6

The visceral layer of the serous pericardium

Answer 6

epicardium

Question 7

The muscular part of the heart that consists of contracting cardiac muscle and non contracting Purkinje fibers that conduct nerve impulses

Answer 7

myocardium

Question 8

Cardiac cells (cardiomyocytes) are in this layer

Answer 8

myocardium

Question 9

The thin, smooth, endothelial, inner lining of the heart, which is continuous with the inner lining of the blood vessels

Answer 9

endocardium

Question 10

What are the four heart chambers?

Answer 10

Left/Right atrium and ventricle

Question 11

It receives deoxygenated blood from right atrium via right atrioventricular orifice and sends it to lungs via pulmonary trunk.

Answer 11

Right Ventricle

Question 12

It receives deoxygenated blood from the body via superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and coronary sinus.

Answer 12

Right Atrium

Question 13

It receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via pulmonary veins

Answer 13

Left Atrium

Question 14

It receives oxygenated blood from left atrium via left atrioventricular orifice and sends it to body via aorta

Answer 14

Left Ventricle

Question 15

The atrioventricular valve that prevents backflow of blood from RV to RA

Answer 15

Tricuspid

Question 16

The atrioventricular valve that prevents backflow of blood from LV to LA

Answer 16

Mitral

Question 17

The semilunar valve that prevents backflow of blood from Aorta to LV

Answer 17

Aortic

Question 18

The semilunar valve that prevents backflow of blood from Pulmonary trunk to RV

Answer 18

Pulmonic

Question 19

The central opening of a blood vessel

Answer 19

Lumen

Question 20

The lumen is surrounded by a wall consisting of three layers:

Answer 20

Tunica intima (Interna), Tunica media, Tunica adventitia (Externa)

Question 21

_____ is the inner layer facing the blood.

Answer 21

tunica intima

Question 22

_____ is composed of an innermost layer of endothelium (simple squamous epithelium) surrounded by variable amounts of connective tissues.

Answer 22

tunica intima

Question 23

_____ is the middle layer

Answer 23

tunica media

Question 24

______ is composed of smooth muscle with variable amounts of elastic fibers

Answer 24

tunica media

Question 25

______ is the outer layer

Answer 25

tunica adventitia

Question 26

_____ is composed of connective tissue

Answer 26

tunica adventitia

Question 27

Tunica intima is composed of _____

Answer 27

an innermost layer of endothelium (simple squamous epithelium) surrounded by variable amounts of connective tissues

Question 28

Tunica media is composed of _____

Answer 28

smooth muscle with variable amounts of elastic fibers

Question 29

Tunica adventitia is composed of _____

Answer 29

connective tissue

Question 30

The cardiovascular system consists of three kinds of blood vessels that form a closed system of passageways:

Answer 30

Arteries, Capillaries, and Veins

Question 31

_____ carry blood away from the heart.

Answer 31

Arteries

Question 32

The three kinds of arteries are:

Answer 32

elastic, muscular, arterioles

Question 33

Elastic arteries are _____ arteries

Answer 33

conducting arteries

Question 34

_____ are the largest arteries and include the aorta and other nearby branches

Answer 34

Elastic arteries

Question 35

The _____ of elastic arteries contains a large amount of elastic connective tissue, which enables the artery to expand as blood enters the lumen from the contracting heart.

Answer 35

tunica media

Question 36

Muscular arteries are _____

Answer 36

conducting arteries

Question 37

_____ branch from elastic arteries and distribute blood to the various body regions

Answer 37

Muscular arteries

Question 38

_____ are small, nearly microscopic blood vessels that branch from muscular arteries

Answer 38

Arterioles

Question 39

_____ regulate the flow of blood into capillaries by vasoconstriction and vasodilation.

Answer 39

Arterioles

Question 40

Arterioles regulate the flow of blood into capillaries by _____ and _____

Answer 40

vasoconstriction and vasodilation

Question 41

_____ are microscopic blood vessels with extremely thin walls.

Answer 41

Capillaries

Question 42

Only the ______ is present in the walls capillaries, and some walls consist exclusively of a single layer of _____

Answer 42

tunica intima, endothelium

Question 43

_____ penetrate most body tissues with dense interweaving networks called capillary beds

Answer 43

Capillaries

Question 44

_____ are the blood vessels between arterioles and venules.

Answer 44

Metarterioles

Question 45

Metarterioles are also called

Answer 45

precapillaries

Question 46

The tail end of the metarteriole that connects to the venule and lacks smooth muscle.

Answer 46

thoroughfare channel

Question 47

_____ form the bulk of the capillary bed. They branch away from a metarteriole at its arteriole end and return to merge with the metarteriole at its venule end (thoroughfare channel).

Answer 47

True capillaries

Question 48

The _____ regulates blood flow through the capillary.

Answer 48

precapillary sphincter

Question 49

The three types of true capillaries are:

Answer 49

continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoidal

Question 50

_____ have continuous, unbroken walls consisting of cells that are connected by tight junctions.

Answer 50

Continuous capillaries

Question 51

_____ have continuous walls between endothelial cells, but the cells have numerous pores (fenestrations) that increase their permeability.

Answer 51

Fenestrated capillaries

Question 52

These capillaries are found in the kidneys, lining the small intestine, and in other areas where a high transfer rate of substances into or out of the capillary is required.

Answer 52

Fenestrated capillaries

Question 53

_____ have large gaps between endothelial cells that permit the passage of blood cells.

Answer 53

Sinusoidal capillaries

Question 54

These capillaries are found in the bone marrow, spleen, and liver.

Answer 54

Sinusoidal capillaries

Question 55

_____ carry blood toward the heart.

Answer 55

Veins

Question 56

The three kinds of veins are:

Answer 56

Postcapillary venules, Venules, and Veins

Question 57

____ are the smallest veins, form when capillaries merge as they exit a capillary bed.

Answer 57

Postcapillary venules

Question 58

Veins that are very porous, but with scattered smooth muscle fibers in the tunica media

Answer 58

Postcapillary venules

Question 59

_____ form when postcapillary venules join. Although the walls of larger venules contain all three layers, they are still porous enough to allow white blood cells to pass.

Answer 59

Venules

Question 60

_____ have walls with all three layers, but the tunica intima and tunica media are much thinner than in similarly sized arteries.

Answer 60

Veins

Question 61

Many veins, especially those in the limbs, have valves, formed from folds of the tunica intima that prevent the backflow of blood. If these valves fail to close properly, _____ may occur.

Answer 61

varicose veins

Question 62

These veins have few elastic or muscle fibers present and the wall consists primarily of a well‐developed tunica adventitia.

Answer 62

Veins

Question 63

_____ is the organ that develops and implants in the mother's womb (uterus) during pregnancy.

Answer 63

placenta

Question 64

the unborn baby

Answer 64

fetus

Question 65

The unborn baby is connected to the placenta by the _____

Answer 65

umbilical cord

Question 66

All the necessary nutrition, oxygen, and life support from the mother’s blood goes through the placenta and to the baby through _____

Answer 66

blood vessels in the umbilical cord

Question 67

The closure of the _____ and _____ completes the transition of fetal circulation to newborn circulation

Answer 67

ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale

Question 68

Actual connection between the placenta and embryo, and later the fetus

Answer 68

Umbilical Cord

Question 69

Formation of the placenta

Answer 69

Placentation

Question 70

Area where the cord was attached becomes covered by a thin layer of skin, and forms a scar tissue

Answer 70

Umbilicus

Question 71

Capillaries penetrate most body tissues with dense interweaving networks called

Answer 71

capillary beds

Question 72

Circulating blood bypasses the lungs and liver by flowing in different pathways and through special openings called

Answer 72

shunts

Question 73

This enriched blood flows through the umbilical vein toward the baby’s liver. There it moves through a shunt called

Answer 73

ductus venosus

Question 74

In a fetal heart, most of the blood flows across to the left atrium through a shunt called the

Answer 74

foramen ovale