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Immunology > Activation of Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Activation of Innate Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

Anatomic and physical barrier effectors?

A

skin and mucous membranes, temperature, acidic pH, lactic acid, chemical mediators

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2
Q

Function of anatomic and physical barriers?

A

limit entry, spread, and replication of pathogens

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3
Q

Effectors of immune cells?

A

granulocytes and macrophages

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4
Q

function of granulocytes

A

phagocytosis, release of mediators

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5
Q

function of macrophages?

A

phagocytosis, release of mediators, Ag presentation

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6
Q

Effectors/Inflammatory mediators

A

complement, cytokines, lysozyme, acute-phase proteins, leukotienes and prostaglandins

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7
Q

function of complement

A

lysis of pathogen

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8
Q

function of cytokines

A

activation of immune cells

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9
Q

function of lysozyme

A

bacterial wall destruction

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10
Q

function of acute phase proteins

A

mediation of response

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11
Q

function of leukotrienes and prostaglandins

A

vasodilation and vascular permeability

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12
Q

Immune responses of innate immune system provide natural immunity via what 3 processes?

A
  1. phagocytosis and intracellular killing
  2. recruitment of other inflammatory cells
  3. presentation of antigens
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13
Q

what are the leukocytes?

A

neutrophils, monocytes and tissue macrophages, and eosinophils

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14
Q

natural killer cells are what kind of cells?

A

lymphocytes

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15
Q

NK cells

A

are large granular lymphocytes that kill infected host cells by a cytolytic mediator perforin

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16
Q

Neutrophils

A

first cells to arrive at site of tissue damage

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17
Q

activation of neutrophils lead to

A

respiratory bursts and release of granules to control bacterial growth

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18
Q

Macrophages

A

engulf organisms via multiple mechanisms

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19
Q

macrophages release?

A

many inflammatory mediators

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20
Q

Eosinophils

A

contain cationic granule proteins; fight helminthes and other multicellular parasites

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21
Q

Inflammation activated endothelial cells increase expression of?

A

E-selectin and P selectin adhesion molecules

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22
Q

First step in leukocyte extravasation

A

slow down and roll along endothelium

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23
Q

Second step in leukocyte extravasation

A

tight binding: integrins (leukocyte and endothelial cells)

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24
Q

Third step in leukocyte extravasation

A

diapedesis: migration thru endothelium

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25
Forth step in leukocyte extravasation
IL-8 controls migration of neutrophils to inflammatory sites
26
Neutrophils contain what within their granules?
Cathepsin G, defensins, BPI, Lysozyme and lactoferrin
27
Lysozyme and lactoferrin
bactericidal or bacteriostatic proteins
28
BPI
increase permeability of bacterial membrane
29
Defensins
cationic (rich in Arg) antibiotic peptides: 1. insert into microbial membranes-> destabilize ion channels 2. Effect against gram positive and negative bacteria, fungi and enveloped viruses
30
Mononuclear phagocytes arise from?
precursors in bone marrow
31
Circulating mononuclear phagocytes?
monocytes
32
In tissues monocytes become
macrophages
33
macrophages may be activated by
microbes or microbial products
34
once monocyte become macrophages they can do what two things?
Differentiate or activate
35
Macrophages can differentiate into?
microglia (CNS) Kupffer cells (liver) Alveolar macrophages (lug) Osteoclasts (bone)
36
Chemoattractants for macrophages?
macrophage inflammatory proteins alpha and beta
37
what cells work together as phagocytic cells?
macrophages and neutrophils
38
classical macrophage activation is induced by what?
TLRs and IFN-gamma
39
What are classically activated macrophages involved in?
destroying microbes and inflammation
40
what is another name of classically activated macrophages?
M1
41
Alternatively activated macrophages are induced by?
IL-4 and IL-13
42
Alternatively activated macrophages are also called?
M2
43
What are alternatively activated macrophages involved in?
tissue repair and to control inflammation
44
N-formylmethjionyl peptide (fMet) is present in what kinds of cells?
present in prokaryotes not in eukaryotes
45
What does fMet help to distinguish?
self from non-self
46
mannose receptor recognize what type of ligand?
terminal mannose
47
What do scavenger receptors recognize?
Amionic polymers
48
What are the two scavenger receptors?
SR-AI, SR-AII
49
Ligand for TLR3?
viral dsRNA
50
Ligand for TLR4?
gram-negative microbial LPS
51
Ligand for TLR5?
flagellin
52
Ligand for TLR9?
Microbial DNA (unmethylated CpG)
53
Ligand for TLR1, 2, and 6
gram-positive LPS, pathogen-specific lipopeptides
54
Direct NK function?
recognized infected/stressed cells release granules and kill dysfunctional cells
55
Indirect NK function?
activated by IL-12 secreted by macrophages; secrete IFN-gamma
56
what does IFN-gamma stimulate?
activates phagocytosis and killing of pathogens by macrophages
57
What are the two kinds of receptors?
activating and inhibitory
58
Inhibitory receptors are engaged and activated with what?
expression of class I MHC
59
virus-infected cells lack what?
proper levels of MHC class I
60
Healthy cells activate N cells through what channel?
Protein tyrosine kinase
61
what do the 3 pathways of complement activation lead to?
production of C3b
62
what does C3b initiate the activation of?
C5 component
63
complement cascade cumulates with the formation of?
membrane attack complex
64
classical complement activation is initiated by what?
binding of IgM or two IgGs on microbe surface
65
First step in classical activation of complement?
1. C1 binds to Ig
66
Second step in classical activation of complement?
2. C1 cleaves C2 and C4
67
Third step in classical activation of complement?
3. C4b attaches covalently to microbial surfaces
68
Forth step in classical activation of complement?
4. C2a binds to C4b and C3 convertase formed
69
C3a plays a role in what?
inflammation and chemotaxis
70
What does C3b play a role iN?
formation of C5 convertase and opsoninizing bacteria
71
what is opsonin's function?
increases phagocytosis
72
C3b complexes with what to give rise to C5 convertase?
C3 convertase | C5 convertase= C4b, 2a, 3b
73
C5 convertase gives rise to C5a and C5b fragments. C5b fragment is responsible for what?
initiating the self-assembly of the MAC pathway
74
MAC contains what molecules?
C5b, 6, 7, 8, and lots of C9
75
what do acute phase proteins accompany?
inflammation
76
Where are acute phase proteins produced?
hepatocytes
77
acute phase protein production is regulated by what cytokine?
IL-6
78
What are the functions of acute phase proteins?
highly variable and diverse
79
Function of c-reactive protein
fixes complement, opsonizes
80
Function of mannose binding protein
fixes complement, opsonizes
81
Function of alpha1-acid glycoprotein
transport protein
82
Function of serum amyloid P component
amyloid component precursor
83
What is an important function of PRRs?
bridge between innate and adaptive immunity
84
PRRs cause the activation and maturation of what cells?
APCs
85
What kind of cells do APCs present Ags to?
naive T cells
86
cytokines secreted by APCs help assist what?
development and maturation of T-cell

Immunology (13 decks)

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