Active Recall Flashcards
(391 cards)
1
Q
Auto-Antibodies [2]
Rheumatoid Arthritis
A
Anti-CCP [70-80%]
Rheumatoid Factor [Low specificity]
2
Q
Auto-Antibodies [6]
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
A
Anti-dsDNA [Renal involvement]
Anti-Smith [20%]
Anti-Histone [Drug-induced SLE]
Anti-Nuclear (ANA) [Low specificity]
Anti-Ro [Neonatal heart block]
Anti-U1-RNP
3
Q
Auto-Antibodies [2]
Sjogren’s Syndrome
A
Anti-Ro (Anti-SSA)
Anti-La (Anti-SSB)
4
Q
Auto-Antibodies [1]
Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD)
A
Anti-U1-RNP
5
Q
Auto-Antibodies [6]
Systemic Sclerosis (CREST Syndrome)
A
Anti-Scl-70 [Worse prognosis]
Anti-Topoisomerase
Anti-Centromere [Limited cutaneous]
Anti-RNA Polymerase III [Diffuse cutaneous]
Anti-Fibrillin [Fibrosis, myositis]
Anti-Nuclear (ANA) [Low specificity]
6
Q
Auto-Antibodies [2]
Dermatomyositis
A
Anti-Jo1
Anti-Mi-2
7
Q
Auto-Antibodies [1]
Wegener’s Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA)
A
cANCA (Anti-PR3)
8
Q
Auto-Antibodies [1]
Churg-Strauss Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (EGPA)
A
pANCA (Anti-MPO)
9
Q
Auto-Antibodies [1]
Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (LEMS)
A
Anti-VGCC
10
Q
Auto-Antibodies [2]
Autoimmune Hepatitis
A
Anti-Smooth Muscle
Anti-LKM-1
11
Q
Auto-Antibodies [1]
Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC)
A
Anti-Mitochondrial (AMA)
12
Q
Auto-Antibodies [1]
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC)
A
cANCA (Anti-PR3)
13
Q
Auto-Antibodies [2]
Graves’ Disease
A
TRAb (Anti-TSHR)
Anti-TPO [But more common in Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis]
14
Q
Auto-Antibodies [3]
Coeliac Disease
A
Anti-EMA
Anti-TTG
Anti-Gliadin
15
Q
Auto-Antibodies [1]
Goodpasture’s Syndrome
A
Anti-GBM
16
Q
Auto-Antibodies [2]
Pernicious Anaemia
A
Anti-Parietal Cell
Anti-Intrinsic Factor
17
Q
Auto-Antibodies [2]
Myasthenia Gravis
A
Anti-AChR
Anti-MUSK
18
Q
Auto-Antibodies [4]
Anti-Phospholipid Syndrome (APS)
A
Anti-Cardiolipin
Anti-β2 Glycoproptein
Lupus Anticoagulant (LAC)
Anti-Phospholipid
19
Q
HLA Associations [1]
HLA-DQ2, HLA-DQ8
A
Coeliac Disease
20
Q
HLA Associations [4]
HLA-B27
A
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
Seronegative Arthritis
Psoriasis
21
Q
Gene Mutation [2]
Haemochromatosis
A
HFE Gene
C282Y Mutation
22
Q
HLA Associations [1]
HLA-DRW4
A
Felty Syndrome
23
Q
HLA Associations [1]
HLA-B51
A
Behçet’s Syndrome
24
Q
HLA Associations [1]
HLA-B*1502
A
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS)
25
Gene Mutation [2]
Autosomal-Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD)
PKD-1 [ADPKD Type 1]
PKD-2 [ADPKD Type 2]
26
Gene Mutation [3]
Alport Syndrome
COL4A3
COL4A4
COL4A5
27
Gene Mutation [2]
Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY)
HNF-1 α [MODY3]
HNF-1 β [MODY5]
28
Tumour Markers [1]
Prostate Cancer
PSA
29
Tumour Markers [3]
Testicular Cancer
β-HCG [Seminoma]
AFP [Non-seminoma]
LDH [Non-seminoma]
30
Tumour Markers [1]
Hepatocellular Cancer
AFP
31
Tumour Markers [1]
Ovarian Cancer
CA-125
32
Tumour Markers [1]
Pancreatic Cancer
CA-19-9
33
Tumour Markers [1]
Breast Cancer
CA-15-3
34
Tumour Markers [1]
Colorectal Cancer
CEA
35
Statistics
Chi-Square Test
Compare binary outcomes
Example: Testing a new cardiac stent
Is there re-stenosis 1 year later?
Either "Yes" or "No"
36
Statistics
Paired T-Test
Used when a group has been measured twice (eg each individual has two repeated measures)
Assumes normal distribution
Example: Compares the BP of a group of patients before and after they take a new anti-HTN drug
37
Statistics
Unpaired Student's T-Test
Tests the hypothesis that there is no difference between the mean of two samples
Example: Comparing the mean bowel transit time in two groups of patients given different types of bowel prep
38
Statistics
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Test
Tells you if the dependent variable changes according to the level of the independent variable.
Example: Your independent variable is social media use, and you assign groups to low, medium, and high levels of social media use to find out if there is a difference in hours of sleep per night.
39
Statistics
Kruskal-Wallis Test
Used when there is one nominal variable and one measurement variable, but data is not normally distributed
Example: You want to find out how test anxiety affects actual test scores. The independent variable “test anxiety” has three levels: no anxiety, low-medium anxiety and high anxiety. The dependent variable is the exam score, rated from 0 to 100%.
40
Statistics
Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test
(aka Mann-Whitney U-Test)
Used when a group has been measured twice (eg each individual has two repeated measures), but data is NOT normally distributed
Essentially Paired T-Test but for ordinal data rather than continuous data
Example: Do salaries (continuous scale) differ based on educational level (ordinal, "high school" vs "university")?
41
Statistics
Pearson Correlation Coefficient
Looks for an association between two continuous variables
Example: Is there correlation between waist circumference and blood pressure?
42
Statistics
Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient
Used to compare the statistical dependence of two variables by rank
Example: Looking at the correlation between IQ and number of hours spent playing computer games
43
MEN1 Syndrome
"PPP"
Pituitary Adenoma
Parathyroid Hyperplasia
Pancreatic Tumours [60%: Gastrinomas]
44
MEN2A Syndrome
"MPP"
Medullary Thyroid Cancer
Parathyroid Hyperplasia
Phaeochromocytoma
45
MEN2B Syndrome
"MMP"
Medullary Thyroid Cancer
Marfanoid Habitus
Phaeochromocytoma
46
CYP3A4 Inhibitors
"SICKFACES.COM GQ"
Sodium Valproate
Isoniazid
Cimetidine
Ketoconazole
Fluconazole
Alcohol (Binge Drinking)
Ciprofloxacin
Erythromycin
Sulfanamides
Chloramphenicol
Omeprazole
Metronidazole
Grapefruit Juice
Quinidine
47
CYP3A4 Inducers
"SCRAP GPS"
Smoking
Carbamazpine
Rifampicin
Alcohol (Chronic)
Phenytoin
Griseofulvin
Phenobarbitones
Sulphonylureas
48
Causes of HAGMA
"CAT MUDPILES"
Carbon Monoxide, Cyanide
Aspirin
Theophylline
Methanol
Urea
DKA / Alcohol Ketoacidosis
Propylene Glycol
Isoniazid, Iron, Ibuprofen
Lactic Acidosis
Ethylene Glycol
Salicylate
49
Causes of NAGMA
"HARD UPS"
Hyperalimentation, HyperPTH, HCl Acid
Acetazolamide, Addison's
RTA
Diarrhoea
Ureto-Sigmoid Fistula
Pancreatic Fistula
Spironolactone
50
Associated Conditions [5]
TP53 Gene Mutation
Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
"BLOB"
- Breast Cancer
- Leukaemia
- Osteosarcoma
- Brain Cancer
51
Gene Mutation [2]
Breast Cancer
BRCA1
BRCA2
52
Associated Conditions [4]
Ras Gene Mutation
"BLOP"
Breast Cancer [KRas]
Lung Cancer [KRas]
Ovarian Cancer [KRas]
Pancreatic Cancer [Ras]
53
Associated Conditions [2]
RET Proto-Oncogene
MEN Syndromes
Hirschsprung's Disease
54
Gene Mutations [1]
Primary Polycythaemia
JAK2 Mutation
55
Gene Mutations [2]
Cystic Fibrosis
Delta-F508 Mutation
Defective CFTR Gene
56
Associated Conditions [1]
BRAF Mutation
Malignant Melaonoma
57
Associated Conditions [1]
C-Myc Oncogene
t(8;14) Chromosome Translocation
Burkitt's Lymphoma
58
Gene Mutations [2]
Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colon Cancer (HNPCC)
MSH2 Mutation
MLH1 Mutation
59
Gene Mutations [1]
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)
APC Mutation
60
Auto-Antibodies [1]
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM)
Anti-GAD
61
HLA Associations [4]
HLA-DR3
Myasthenia Gravis
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC)
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM)
62
HLA Associations [3]
HLA-DR4
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM)
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Autoimmune Thyroid Disease
63
CVP Waveform
A Wave
Atrial contraction
64
CVP Waveform
C Wave
Tricuspid bulging (IVC)
65
CVP Waveform
V Wave
Systolic filling of atrium
66
CVP Waveform
X Descent
Atrial relaxation
67
CVP Waveform
Y Descent
Early ventricular filling
68
Hypersensitivity Reaction Type I
Anaphylaxis
Hay Fever
Food & Drug Allergies
69
Hypersensitivity Reaction Type II
Haemolytic Reactions
ABO Incompatibility
Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn
70
Hypersensitivity Reaction Type III
Mediator & 3 Examples
Mediated by immune complexes
Post-Streptococcal GN
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
71
Type IV
Hypersensitivity Reaction
Mediator & 3 Examples
Delayed reaction mediated by cellular response (T-cell)
Contact Dermatitis
T1DM
Multiple Sclerosis
72
Associated Conditions [1]
t(9;22) Philadelphia Chromosome Translocation (BCR-ABL)
Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML)
73
Associated Conditions [1]
t(15;17) Chromosome Translocation
Acute Promyelcytic Leukaemia (PML)
74
Associated Conditions [1]
t(11;14) Chromosome Translocation
Mantle Cell Lymphoma
75
Associated Conditions [3]
EBV Infection
Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Burkitt's Lymphoma
Nasopharyngeal Cancer
76
Associated Conditions [1]
H.Pylori Infection
Gastric Lymphoma (MALT)
77
PBF Findings [3]
Schistocystes (Fragmented RBCs)
MAHA
DIC, TTP, HUS
78
RBC Inclusions [1]
Howell-Jolly Bodies
Hyposplenism
79
RBC Inclusions [1]
Heinz Bodies
G6PD Deficiency
80
RBC Inclusions [3]
Pappenheimer Bodies
Thalassaemia
Sideroblastic Anaemia
Haemolytic Anaemia
81
RBC Inclusions [4]
Basophilic Stippling
Lead Poisoning
Thalassaemia
Sickle Cell Anaemia
Myelodysplastic Syndrome
82
Autosomal Dominant Conditions
"HEAVY"
Huntington's Disease
Ehler-Danlos Syndrome
Achondroplasia
von Willebrand's Disease
PseudohypoparathYroidism
83
Autosomal Recessive Conditions
"SWATCH F"
Sickle Cell Anaemia
Wilson's Disease
α1-AT Deficiency
Thalassaemia
Cystic Fibrosis
Haemochromatosis
Friedrich's Ataxia
84
HIV Opportunistic Infections [5]
CD4 Count 200 - 500
Tuberculosis
Herpes Zoster
Oropharyngeal Candidiasis
Kaposi Sarcoma
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
85
HIV Opportunistic Infections [3]
CD4 Count 100 - 200
PCP Pneumoina
Oesophageal Candidiasis
HIV-Related Dementia
86
HIV Opportunistic Infections [5]
CD4 Count < 100
Cerebral Toxoplasmosis
Cryptococcal Meningitis
CMV Infection
Disseminated MAC Infection
John Cunningham Virus → PMFL
87
HBV Panel
88
Lung Upper Lobe Fibrosis
"SA CATS"
Sarcoidosis
ABPA
Coal Miner's Pneumoconiosis
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Tuberculosis
Silicosis
89
Lung Lower Lobe Fibrosis
"RASH"
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Asbestosis
Scleroderma
Hamman-Fisch Syndrome (IPF)
90
Paraneoplastic Syndromes [2]
Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC)
SIADH
Cushing's (Ectopic ACTH)
91
Paraneoplastic Syndromes [1]
Squamous Cell Lung Cancer
PTHrP-Mediated Hypercalcaemia
92
Paraneoplastic Syndromes [1]
Bronchial Carcinoid
Carcinoid Syndrome
93
Auto-Antibodies [1]
Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopaenia (HIT)
Anti-PF4
94
Auto-Antibodies [1]
Immune Thrombocytopaenic Purpura (ITP)
Anti-Nuclear (ANA)
95
HBV Panel
96
HBV Panel
97
HBV Panel
98
HBV Panel
99
HBV Panel
100
Auto-Antibodies [1]
Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration
Anti-Yo
101
Gene Mutation [1]
Marfan's Syndrome
FBN1 Gene
102
Paraneoplastic Syndrome [1]
Gastric Adenocarcinoma
Acanthosis nigricans
103
Western Blot
Used to separate native proteins by 3D structure, or denatured proteins by polypeptide length
104
Eastern Blot
Used to characterize post-translational modifications to peptides and proteins
105
Northern Blot
Used to characterize RNA structure
106
Southern Blot
Used to evaluate DNA sequences
107
Autosomal Dominant Conditions
"DOMINANT"
Dystophica Myotonica
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Marfan's Syndrome
Intermittent Porphyria
Noonan's Syndrome
ADPKD
Neurofibromatosis
Tuberous Sclerosis
108
Antibiotic Choice
Strep Pyogenes IE
IV Penicillin + Gentamicin
109
Antibiotic Choice
Staphylococcal IE
(Non-MRSA)
IV Flucloxacillin + Gentamicin
110
Antibiotic Choice
MRSA IE
IV Linezolid
(Traditionally IV Vancomycin, but Linezolid has growing evidence as a superior option)
111
Classic Investigations [1]
Serum Caeruloplasmin
Wilson's Disease
112
HLD Drug Mechanisms
Evolocumab
PCSK9 Inhibitor
113
HLD Drug Mechanisms
Fibrates
PPAR-α Agonist
114
HLD Drug Mechanisms
Ezetimibe
NPC1L1 Inhibitor
115
HLD Drugs Mechanism
Statins
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor
116
DM Drug Mechanisms
Acarbose
Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitor
117
DM Drug Mechanisms
Gliptins
DPP4 Inhibitor
118
DM Drug Mechanisms
Glutides
GLP-1 Agonists
119
DM Drug Mechanisms
Glitazones
PPAR-γ Agonist
120
DM Drug Mechanisms
Glifozins
SGLT2 Inhibitor
121
Drug Side-Effects
Vincristine
Neuropathy
122
Drug Side-Effects
Cyclophosphamide
Haemorrhagic Cystitis
Co-administration with Mesna reduces risk of this happening
123
Drug Side-Effects
Doxorubicin
Cardiomyopathy
124
Meningitis Pathogens
Adults
"E-NHS"
Enterovirus
Neisseria Meningitidis
Herpes Simplex Virus
Streptococcus Pneumoniae
125
Meningitis Pathogens
Elderly
"SGL"
Strep Pneumoniae
Gram-Negative Rods
Listeria
126
Tumour Markers [1]
Myeloma
β2 Microglobulin [Used for monitoring progression]
127
Tumour Markers [1]
Medullary Thyroid Cancer
Calcitonin [Used for monitoring progression]
128
Headache Types & Treatment
Multiple unilateral episodes
Short duration (< 2 minutes)
Sensitive face eg triggered by brushing teeth or blow-drying hair
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Acute Tx: Carbamazepine
129
Headache Types & Treatment
Retro-orbital pain
Tearing, eye redness
Long duration (up to 90 minutes)
Long "dormant" periods (months)
Multiple episodes when attack occurs (several times a day)
Cluster Headache
Acute Tx: O2, Sumitriptan
Prophylaxis: Verapamil
130
Classic Pneumonia Pathogens [1]
Related to HSV-1 (Cold sores)
Streptococcus Pneumoniae
131
Classic Pneumonia Pathogens [2]
Cavitation
Staphylococcus [Occurs after Flu]
Klebsiella [Occurs in alcoholics and immunocompromised hosts]
132
Common Pneumonia Pathogens [1]
Related to epidemic outbreaks
Erythema multiforme
+ Treatment?
Mycoplasma
Tx: Macrolides eg Clarithromycin
133
Common Pneumonia Pathogens [1]
Preceded by ARI 1-2 weeks prior
Chlamydia Pneumoniae
134
DM Drug Mechanisms
Metformin
Indirect AMP Kinase Activation
135
Auto-Antibodies [2]
Pemphigus Vulgaris
Anti-DSG1
Anti-DSG3
136
Classic Investigations [1]
Faecal Elastase
Pancreatic Insufficiency
137
Classic Investigations [2]
Faecal Calprotectin
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
Infective Colitis
138
Classic Investigations [1]
Faecal Fat
Pancreatic Insufficiency
(But Elastase is superior)
139
Drug Side-Effects [2]
Mycophenolate
Tremor
Gum Hypertrophy
140
Drug Side-Effects [2]
Methotrexate
Pulmonary Fibrosis
Hepatic Fibrosis
141
Drug Side-Effects [2]
Ciclosporin
Hirsutism
Gum Hypertrophy
142
Anti-Emetic Mechanism
Domperidone
D2/D3 Dopamine Receptor Antagonist
143
Anti-Emetic Mechanism
Betahistine
H3 Receptor Antagonist
(Also weak H1 Agonist)
144
Anti-Emetic Mechanism
Ondansetron
5HT3 Receptor Antagonist
145
Headache Types & Treatment
Female obese patient
Worse in morning and lying flat
Bilateral papilloedema
Elevated LP opening pressure
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH)
Acute Tx: Acetazolamide
Prophylaxis: Weight loss
146
Classic Investigations [1]
Carbon-13 Urea Breath Test
H.Pylori Clearance
147
Classic Investigations [1]
Hydrogen Breath Test
Small Bowel Overgrowth Syndrome
148
Antibiotic Mechanisms
Quinolones
-floxacins
DNA Gyrase Inhibitor
149
Dog Bite Bacteria & Treatment
Pasteurella
1st Line: Augmentin
2nd Line: Doxycycline + Metronidazole (if allergic to Penicillins)
150
Classic ECG Changes
Acute Pericarditis
ST depression in V1, aVR
Concave STE in other leads
151
α1-AT Deficiency Genotypes
Lung Involvement
II or ZZ
152
α1-AT Deficiency Genotypes
Liver Involvement
MZ or SZ
153
α1-AT Deficiency Genotypes
Generally Well
MM
154
Spot Diagnosis
Aortic Stenosis
Small Bowel Angiodysplasia
von Willebrand's Disease
Heyde Syndrome
155
Stroke Features
Vertigo
Swallowing impairment
Ipsilateral cerebellar signs
Contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation
PICA
(Lateral Medullary Syndrome)
156
Spot Diagnosis
Vasculitis
Uveitis
Oro-Genital Ulcers
Behcet's Disease
157
In-Stent Thrombosis vs Stent Restenosis
In-Stent: Within 30 days
Restenosis: After 30 days
158
Spot Diagnosis
Male phenotype
Tall height
Bilateral gynaecomastia
Sparse pubic hair
Small testes
Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY)
159
Spot Diagnosis
Female phenotype
Bilateral undescended testes
Bilateral inguinal hernias as an infant
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
160
Spot Diagnosis
Unable to progress through puberty
Poor sense of smell
Kallman Syndrome
(Inherited form of Hypogonadotrophic Hypopituitarism)
161
Spot Diagnosis
Abnormal facies
Short stature
Cardiac defects
Ribcage abnormalities
Risk of haemorrhage
Noonan Syndrome
162
Spot Diagnosis
Female phenotype
Short stature
Bicuspid aortic valve
Tuner Syndrome
163
Spot Diagnosis
Tall, thin
High arched palate
Valvulpathy - AR / PR / MVP
Upward lens dislocation
Marfan Syndrome
(FBN1 Defect)
164
HLA Associations [1]
HLA-B108
Graves' Disease
165
Spot Diagnosis
Optic neuritis
Loss of propioception and vibration sense
Upgoing plantars
Vit B12 deficiency
166
Spot Diagnosis
Ophthalmoplegia
Short-term memory loss
Confabulation
Wernicke's Encephalopathy (Thiamine deficiency)
167
Spot Diagnosis
Rapidly-progressing lower limb weakness
Hyper-tonia
Hyper-reflexia
Perianal anaesthesia
Conus Medullaris Syndrome
168
Spot Diagnosis
Gradually-worsening LL weakness
Hypo-tonia
Hypo-reflexia
Saddle anaesthesia
Cauda Equina Syndrome
169
Spot Diagnosis
Lower limb weakness
Hypo-tonia
Loss of pain and temperature sensation
Anterior Spinal Artery Syndrome
170
STI Treatment
Gonorrhoea
1st-Line: IM Ceftriaxone 1g ONCE
If allergy: PO Azithromycin 2g ONCE
If epididymo-orchitis: PO Doxycyline x 14 days
If generalized disease (eg joint involvement): IV Ceftriaxone
171
STI Treatment
Chlamydia
Doxycyline
172
Spot Diagnosis & Treatment
Russian
Pharyngitis with grey-white pseudomembrane
Diphtheria
Tx: Azithromycin
173
Spot Diagnosis
Middle-aged male
Chronic cough
Weight loss
Steatorrhoea
Arthritis
Whipple's Disease
Key Feature: PAS+ Macrophages
Tx: Bactrim
174
Spot Diagnosis
HIV+
Clusters of firm, flesh-coloured, umbilicated papules
Molluscum contagiosum virus infection
175
Pharmacotherapy for Stress Incontinence [1]
Duloxetine
176
Pharmacotherapy for Urge Incontinence [3]
Oxybutinin
Tolteridone
Mirabegnon
177
Spot Diagnosis
HIV+, CD < 100
Progressive memory loss
Psychiatric disturbances
Progressive multifocial leukoencephalopathy (PMFL)
ie John Cunningham (JC) virus infection
178
HLA Associations [5]
HLA-DR2
Goodpasture's Syndrome
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Multiple Sclerosis
Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC)
Autoimmune Hepatitis
179
HLA Associations [1]
HLA-B5701
Abacavir Hypersensitivity
180
Drug Side-Effects
Bleomycin
Pneumonitis → Pulmonary Fibrosis
181
Drug Side-Effects
Trastuzumab
Dilated cardiomyopathy
182
Food Poisoning Bacteria
Onset: 1-6 hours
Dairy foods
More vomiting than diarrhoea
Staphylococcus Aureus
Mechanism: Enterotoixin
183
Food Poisoning Bacteria
Reheated rice
Chinese takeaway
Non-bloody diarrhoea
Profuse diarrhoea and/or vomiting
Bacillus Cereus
184
Food Poisoning Pathogen & Treatment
Onset: 6-12 hours
Both vomiting and diarrhoea
Bloody diarrhoea
Uncooked chicken
Campylobacter Jejuni
Tx: Quinolone or Cephalosporin
185
Food Poisoning Bacteria
Onset: 12-48 hours
Profuse diarrhoea
No vomiting
NH outbreak
Norovirus
186
Food Poisoning Pathogen & Treatment
Onset: 6 - 12 hours
Both vomiting and diarrhoea
Bloody diarrhoea
Abdominal cramps
Salmonella Typhi
Tx: Quinolones
187
Food Poisoning Pathogen & Treatment
Onset: Slow, benign
Recent travel
Contaminated water
IBS-like symptoms
Giardiasis
1st-Line Tx: Tinidazole
2nd-Line: Metronidazole
188
Food Poisoning Pathogen & Treatment
1-3 week duration
Recent travel
Bloody mucoid diarrhoea
Lower abdominal pain
Liver abscess (Trophozoites)
Entamoeba Histolytica
(Amoebiasis)
Tx: Metronidazole
189
Food Poisoning Bacteria
Onset: Acute
Watery non-bloody diarrhoea
Sometimes green stools
Abdominal cramps
Cryptosporidium
190
Food Poisoning Bacteria
Onset: Acute
Watery non-bloody diarrhoea
Sometimes green stools
Abdominal cramps
Cryptosporidium
191
Spot Diagnosis
Seizure
Cafe-au-lait spots
Fleshy nodules on trunk and arms
Eye: Lisch nodules
Neurofibromatosis Type 1
192
Spot Diagnosis
Brown Kaiser-Fleischer Rings
Wilson's Disease
(Copper Deposits)
193
Anti-Platelet Mechanisms
Dipyridamole
Adenosine Uptake Inhibitor
194
Spot Diagnosis
Kaiser-Fleischer Rings
Wilson's Disease
(Copper Deposits)
195
Spot Diagnosis
Seizure
Cafe-au-lait spots
Nodules on trunk and arms
Eye: Cataracts
Neurofibromatosis Type 2
196
Spot Diagnosis & Treatment
LMN signs
Ascending LL weakness
Recent gastroenteritis
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
Tx: IV Immunoglobulin
197
Spot Diagnosis
Central weakness
Blurred vision
Speech and swallowing impairment
Food-borne illness
Botulism
198
Anti-Platelet Mechanisms
Heparin
Antithrombin-III Inhibitor
199
Gene Mutations [1]
Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH)
PNPLA3
200
Encapsulated Organisms [3]
Neisseria Meningitidis
Strep Pneumoniae
Haemophilus Influenzae
201
Stroke Features
Contralateral LL loss of power and sensation
Gait apraxia
Urinary incontinence
Anterior cerebral artery
(Mostly distal anterior, as proximal anterior will still have enough collaterals to compensate)
202
Stroke Features
Hemiparesis of
- Contralateral lower half of face
- Contralateral UL and LL
Contralateral sensory loss
Ataxia
Dysphasia
Hemispatial neglect
Middle cerebral artery
203
SLE Treatment
Predominantly skin and joint disease
Tx: Hydroxychloroquine
204
SLE Treatment
Mild Lupus Nephritis
Mycophenolate Mofetil
205
SLE Treatment
Life-threatening lupus (eg cerebral involvement, severe lupus nephritis)
Cyclophosphamide
206
Bone Disorders
207
Bone Disorders
208
Bone Disorders
209
Bone Disorders
210
Bone Disorders
211
Hyperparathyroidism
212
Hyperparathyroidism
213
Hyperparathyroidism
214
Drug Side-Effects [1]
Docetaxel
Renal Tubular Toxicity
215
RAI Drug Mechanisms
Tocilizumab
Anti-IL6
216
RAI Drug Mechanisms
Rituximab
Anti-CD20
217
RAI Drug Mechanisms
Infliximab
Anti-TNFα
218
Drug Mechanisms
Baclofen
GABA-B Agonist
219
Auto-Antibodies [1]
Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration (PCD)
Anti-Purkinje Cell
220
Classic Investigations [1]
Urine Copper Excretion
Wilson's Disease
221
Classic Investigations [1]
24hr Urinary Catecholamines & Metanephrines
Phaeochromocytoma
222
Spot Diagnosis
BGIT
Yellow papules at neck
Retinal angioid streaks
Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum
"Plucked chicken skin"
223
Spot Diagnosis
High-arched palate
Skin elasticity
Hypermobile joints
Ehler-Danlos Syndrome
Autosomial dominant
Collagen Type V α1 Mutation
224
Spot Diagnosis
High-arched palate
Lens dislocation
Aortic and mitral valve disease
Arachnodactyly
Marfan's Syndrome
Autosomal dominant
FBN1 gene mutation
225
Vit K-Dependent Clotting Factors [6]
Factors II, VII, IX, X
Protein C and S
226
Clotting Disorders
Factor V Leiden
Activated Protein C resistance
Protein C usually cleaves Factor V, so when there is resistance then Factor V will accumulate and lead to increased risk of clotting
Autosomal dominant
227
Clotting Disorders
Haemophilia A
Lack of Factor VIII
Predisposed to bleeding, especially into joints (haemarthrosis)
X-linked recessive
228
Drug Side-Effects [2]
Pyrazinamide
Joint pains [Most common]
Hepatitis
229
Drug Side-Effects [1]
Ethambutol
Optic neuritis
230
Drug Side-Effects [2]
Isoniazid
Peripheral neuropathy [Most common, countered with Pyridoxine]
Hepatitis
231
Drug Side-Effects [3]
Rifampicin
Orange body fluids
Thrombocytopaenia
CYP450 Inducer
232
Morphine Clearance
Cleared by kidneys, therefore avoid in renal impairment
Fentanyl, Buprenoprhine are safe to use in CKD
233
Asthma Drug Mechanisms
Ipratropium
Short-Acting Muscarinic Antagonist (SAMA)
234
Asthma Drug Mechanisms
Tiotropium
Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonist (LAMA)
235
Asthma Drug Mechanisms
Salbutamol
Short-Acting β2-Agonist (SABA)
236
Asthma Drug Mechanisms
Salmeterol
Long-Acting β2-Agonist (LABA)
237
Food Poisoning Pathogen & Treatment
Bloody diarhoea
Abdominal pain
Daycare centre outbreaks
Shigella
Tx: Azithromycin
238
Clotting Disorders
Haemophilia B
Lack of Factor IX
X-linked recessive
239
Classic Investigations
Alcoholic Liver Disease
AST:ALT Ratio >2:1
240
Felty Syndrome
[4 Features]
Hypersplenism
Neutropaenia
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
HLA-DRW4 Association
241
Number Needed To Treat (NNT) Equation
1 ÷ (Absolute Risk-Benefit)
eg if the new treatment has 3% fewer MACE events than the old t reatment, the NNT is 1 ÷ 0.03
242
Stroke Activation Window
< 4.5 hours = Thrombolysis
4.5 - 6 hours = KIV Thrombolysis depending on cerebral blood flow imaging
> 6 hours = Aspirin 300mg
243
Opioid Conversion
PO Codeine → PO Morphine
PO Codeine 100mg = PO Morphine 10mg
244
STI Treatment
Syphilis
1st-Line: IM Penicillin 2.4 MU
If allergy: PO Azithromycin 2g ONCE
245
STI Spot Diagnosis & Treatment
Ulceration and skin destruction in genital region
No macular rash
Donovanosis
(Klebsiella granulomatis)
Tx: Macrolides or Quinolines x 3 weeks
246
STI Spot Diagnosis & Treatment
Unilateral inguinal or femoral lymphadenopathy
Signs of lymphatic obstruction
Lymphogranuloma Venereum
Tx: Azithromycin x 3 weeks
247
Spot Diagnosis
Ataxia
Muscle rigidity
Tremor
Autonomic dysfunction
Poor response to Levodopa
Multisystem Atrophy (MSA)
248
SBP Common Bacteria [3]
E.Coli [#1 Most Common]
Kleb Pneumoniae [#2]
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa [<10%, but will need Aminoglycoside cover]
249
Opioid Conversion
PO Morphine → SC Morphine
Reduce by 50%
PO Morphine 160mg = SC Morphine 80mg
250
Nephron Sites Of Action
251
Nephron Sites Of Action
252
Nephron Sites Of Action
253
Nephron Sites Of Action
254
X-Linked Recessive Conditions
"GRAB HDK"
G6PD Deficiency
Retintis Pigmentosa
Androgen Insentivity Syndrome
Becker's Muscular Dystrophy
Haemophilia A & B
Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
Kallman Syndrome
255
X-Linked Dominant Conditions
"ARV"
Alport Syndrome
Rett Syndrome
Vit D-Resistant Rickets
256
Spot Diagnosis
Multiple duodenal or proximal jejunal ulcers
MEN-1 conditions
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (Gastrinomas)
257
Spot Diagnosis
Severe chronic watery diarrhoea
Flushing
Hypotension
Not infection-related
VIPoma (Pancreatic endocrine tumour)
258
Antidote
Benzodiazepine Overdose
Flumazenil
259
Antidote
Opiate Overdose
Naloxone
260
Rash Diagnosis
Painful, erythematous, raised nodules on both shins
Erythema Nodosum
Associations: Sarcoidosis
261
Rash Diagnosis
Yellowish-brown patches on shins, with prominant telangiectasia
Necobiosis Lipoidica
Associations: DM
262
Rash Diagnosis
Erythematous nodule / pustule, growing progressively to become ulceration with adherent pus at the centre
Pyoderma Gangrenosum
Associations: IBD
263
Antidote
Ethanol / Ethylene Glycol Overdose
Fomepizole
264
Antidote
Tricycle Antidepressants (TCA) Overdose
Sodium Bicarbonate
(Not really an antidote, but proven to improve mortality)
265
Spot Diagnosis
Gastric biopsy showing extensive lymphoid infiltration, with the formation of germinal centres within the lamina propria
Gastric MALToma, clasically from H.Pylori infection
266
Classic Investigations
ADAMTS13
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)
eg Shiga toxin-induced from E.Coli 0157 infection
267
Rosacea Treatment
1st-Line: Topical Metronidazole
2nd-Line: Topical Brimodine [Good for flushing]
Severe Disease: PO Tetracycline or Doxycycline, PO Isotretinoin
268
Opioid Conversion
PO Morphine PRN Dose Calculation
1/6 of total daily dose, usually Q2-4H
ie if total daily dose is 90mg, PRN dose should be 15mg Q2-4H
269
Statistics
Tukey's Range Test
Used to determine if the mean of different populations are statistically different
Example: Comparing baseline smoking rates of different ethnic groups
270
Antidotes
Serotonin Syndrome
Cyproheptadine
271
Gene Mutations [1]
Focal Segmental Glomerulonephritis (FSGS)
APOL1 [West Africans]
272
Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA) Type I
Hypokalaemia, metabolic acidosis
Distal tubule fails to form acidic urine
Associated with autoimmune conditions
273
Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA) Type II
Hypokolaemia, metabolic acidosis
Proximal tubule fails to reabsorb bicarbonate
Associated with Fanconi Syndrome
274
Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA) Type IV
Hyperkalaemia, metabolic acidosis
Aldosterone resistance from intrinsic renal damage
Associated with drugs eg ACE/ARB
275
Spot Diagnosis
Hypotension
Hypokalaemia
Hyponatraemia
Hypoglycaemia
Hypocortisolism
eg Adrenal Insufficiency such as Addison's Disease
276
Spot Diagnosis
Medial malleolus ulcer surrounded by haemosiderin and varicose eczema
Venous ulcer
277
HLA Associations [2]
HLA-B52
Takayasu's Arteritis
Ulcerative Colitis
(Only in Asian populations)
278
Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) Pathophysiology
Renal tubule necrosis after a period of hypotension eg severe sepsis, myocardial infarction, acute blood loss
279
Cat Scratch Fever
Bacteria & Treatment
Bartonella Henselae
Mild: Supportive treatment as mostly self-limiting illness
Severe: Azithromycin, Ciprofloxacin or Bactrim
280
Associated Viruses [2]
Cervical Cancer
HPV-16
HPV-18
281
Associated Viruses [1]
Cold Sores
HSV-1
282
Associated Viruses [1]
Genital Herpes
HSV-2
283
Associated Viruses [2]
Genital Warts
HPV-6
HPV-11
284
Statistics
Fisher's Exact Test
Used to analyze contigency tables
eg Within boys and girls, how many like Snickers and how many don't?
285
Spirometry
Obstructive Picture
+ Reduced DLCO = Emphysema
+ Normal DLCO = Asthma / COPD
Reversibility = Asthma rather than COPD
286
Spirometry
Restrictive Picture
+ Reduced DLCO = Lung Parenchyma
+ Normal DLCO = Neuromuscular
287
Joint XR Findings
Linear cartilage calcification
aka chondrocalcinosis
Pseudogout
288
Joint XR Findings
Joint space narrowing
Osteophyte formation
Osteoarthritis
289
Headache Types & Treatment
Unilateral headache
Preceding aurea eg nausea, change in sense of smell
Migraine
Acute Tx: Triptans
Prophylaxis: TCAs
290
Spot Diagnosis & Treatment
Japanese
Vasculitis of aortic branches eg coronary arteries, carotid arteries
Takayasu's Arteritis
Associated with HLA-B52
Tx: High-dose corticosteroids
291
LTOT Criteria for COPD [5]
1. PaO2 < 7.3
2. PaO2 < 8.0 + One of the below
A. Secondary polycythaemia
B. Peripheral oedema
C. Pulmonary hypertension
292
Food Poisoning Pathogen & Treatment
Undercooked pork
Subacute presentation
Mild non-bloody diarrhoea
Right iliac fossa pain
Yersinia Enterocolitica
Tx: Aminoglycosides
293
Complement Deficiencies
C5 Deficiency [1]
Increased risk of gram-negative bacteriaal infection
294
Complement Deficiencies
C2 Deficiency [2]
Increased risk of Haemophilus Influenzae infection
Increased risk of autoimmune conditions eg lupus
295
Complement Deficiencies
C4 Deficiency [4]
Increased risk of autoimmune conditions, namely
- Henloch-Schonlein Purpura (HSP)
- T1DM
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
- Glomerulonephritis
296
Complement Deficiencies
C1 Deficiency [2]
Increased risk of
- C1q: SLE, GN
- C1r: SLE
297
Heart Sounds
Ejection systolic murmur (ESM)
Loudest at right 2nd intercostal space
Radiates to carotids
Aortic stenosis
298
Heart Sounds
Narrow splitting of S2
Severe pulmonary hypertension
299
Heart Sounds
Pan-systolic murmur (PSM)
Does not intensify with inspiration
Mitral regurgitation
300
Heart Sounds
Reverse splitting of S2
Occurs because of delayed aortic valve closure, usually due to delayed electrical activation of LV
eg
Left bundle branch block (LBBB)
Hypertensive heart disease
301
Heart Sounds
Wide splitting of S2
Occurs because of either
1. Delayed pulmonary valve closure (eg RBBB)
2. Early aortic valve closure (eg VSD)
302
Classic Investigations [1]
Serum 1-3 β-D-Glucan
Fungal Infection
Classically PCP Pneumonia
303
Associated Conditions [1]
HER2 Gene Mutation
Breast Cancer
HER2+ = Suscetible to Trastuzumab
304
Gout Drug Mechanisms
Allopurinol
Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor
Purine Analogue
305
Gout Drug Mechanisms
Febuxostat
Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor
Non-Purine Analogue
306
Gout Drug Mechanisms
Colchicine
Tubulin Polymerase Inhibitor
307
Gout Drug Mechanisms
Benzbromarone
URAT1 Inhibitor
308
Carney Syndrome
[4 Features]
Naevi
Ephelides (freckles)
Myxoid neurofibromas
Cardiac LAA myxomas
309
Spot Diagnosis
Multiple joint dislocations
Learning difficulties
Marfanoid habitus
Downward lens dislocation
Homocystinuria
(Crystathionine β-synthase deficiency)
310
Antibiotic Mechanisms
Tetracyclines
Inhibit 30S ribosomal subunit
311
Antibiotic Mechanisms
Trimethoprim
Inhibit dihydrofolate reduction
312
Antibiotic Mechanisms
Penicillins
Inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis, thus disrupting bacterial cell wall
313
Nephrotic Syndromes
General Treatment
1st-Line: Steroids
2nd: Cyclophosphamide
314
Nephrotic Syndromes
General Treatment
1st-Line: Steroids
2nd: Cyclophosphamide
315
Nephrotic Syndromes
General Treatment
1st-Line: Steroids
2nd: Cyclophosphamide
316
Nephrotic Syndromes
General Treatment
1st-Line: Steroids
2nd: Cyclophosphamide
317
Nephritic Syndromes
318
Nephritic Syndromes
319
Nephritic Syndromes
320
Nephritic Syndromes
321
Heart Sounds
Early diastolic murmur [2]
Aortic regurgitation
Pulmonary regurgitation
322
Heart Sounds
Mid-diastolic murmur [3]
Mitral stenosis
Tricuspid stenosis
Atrial myxoma
323
Heart Sounds
Late systolic murmur [1]
Loudest at apex
Mitral valve prolapse
324
Heart Sounds
Pan-systolic murmur (PSM)
Intensifies with inspiration
Tricuspid regurgitation
325
Spot Diagnosis
Hyperandrogenism (Essentially, becoming a brutish man)
Elevated Testosterone
LH-FSH Ratio > 2
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
326
Recurrent laryngeal nerve is near which other structure?
Bifurcation of the inferior thyroid artery
327
Gene Mutations [1]
Autosomal Recessive Adenomatous Polyposis
MUTYH Gene Mutation
328
Common Pneumonia Pathogens
Pet birds
Splenomegaly
Chlamydia Psittaci
1st-Line Tx: Doxycyline
2nd-Line Tx: Azithromycin
329
Coagulation Panel
Haemophilia A: Factor VIII Deficiency
Haemophilia B: Factor IX Deficiency
Both are X-linked recessive diseases
Factor VIII and IX are both part of Intrinsic Pathway, which is evaluated using APTT
Deficiency of the factors will lead to prolonged APTT
330
Coagulation Panel
Vit K is required for Factors II, VII, IX, X to work
Factors II and VII are part of Extrinsic Pathway (assessed by PT)
Factors IX and X are part of Intrinsic Pathway (assessed by APTT)
331
Coagulation Panel
In DIC, thrombocytopaenia is the main problem. Clotting factors are largely stable.
332
Coagulation Panel
von Willebrand Factor (vWF) binds to Factor VIII to prevents its clearance
Therefore reduced vWF usually leads to reduced Factor VIII, predisposing to bleeding
However its effect on APTT is variable, meaning although Factor VIII is affected, it does not always prolong APTT
333
Classic XR Findings
Broncho-arterial ratio > 1.5
Lack of bronchial tapering
Bronchi visualized close to pleural surface
Bronchiectasis
334
Classic Investigations
Direct Antiglobulin Test (DAT)
Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia (AIHA)
If the cells agglutinate, then the test is positive and the haemolysis is related to anti-RBC antibodies
335
Classic Investigations
Cryohaemolysis & Eosin-5'-Maleimide Binding Test
Hereditary Spherocytosis
336
Headache Types & Treatment
Bilateral
Band going around the head
Tension Headache
337
Classic Imaging Findings
HIV+
MRI Brain: Ring-enhancing lesions
Cerebral Toxoplasmosis
Tx: Bactrim
338
Classic Imaging Findings
HIV+
MRI Brain: T2W white matter enhancement
CMV Encephalitis
339
Classic Imaging Findings
HIV+
MRI Brain: Ventricular enlargement, dense enhancement of choroid plexus
Cryptococcal Meningitis
340
Classic Imaging Findings
HIV+
MRI Brain: Temporal lobe enhancement
HSV Encephalitis
341
Classic Imaging Findings
HIV+
MRI Brain: Multiple periventricular and subcortical lesions
- Hypointense on T1W
- Hypertensive on T2W
JC virus infection (PMFL)
342
Spot Diagnosis
Anaemia
Night sweats
Hypercalcaemia
Back pain
Normal ALP
Multiple Myeloma
343
Anti-Psychotic Agent in Parkinson's Disease
Lorazepam (BZD)
Avoid Haloperidol / Risperidone as these are Dopamine antagonists and will worsen Parkinsonism
344
Stroke Features
Contralateral hemiplegia
Ipsilateral CN III palsy
Posterior cerebral artery
(Weber's Syndrome)
345
Spot Diagnosis
Hypokalaemia
Metabolic alkalosis
High renin
High aldosterone
Low urinary Calcium excretion
Normotension
Gitelman's Syndrome
Defect in proximal convoluted tubule (like Thiazide)
SLC12A3 Gene Mutation
346
Spot Diagnosis
Hypokalaemia
Metabolic alkalosis
High renin
High aldosterone
Normal-high urinary Calcium
Normotension
Bartter's Syndrome
Defect in ascending loop of Henle (like Lasix)
SLC12A1 Gene Mutation
347
Spot Diagnosis
Hypokalaemia
Metabolic alkalosis
Low renin
Low aldosterone
Hypertension
Liddle's Syndrome
Defect in collecting tubule (like MRA eg Spironolactone)
SCNN1B Gene Mutation
348
Spot Diagnosis
Hypokalaemia
Metabolic alkalosis
Low renin
High aldosterone
Hypertension
Hyporeninaemic hyperaldosteronism
349
Spot Diagnosis
Gradually-worsening weakness
Mixed UMN and LMN signs
- UMN: Hyper-tonia
- LMN: Hypo-reflexia
Motor Neurone Disease
350
Gout Drug Mechanism
Rasburicase
Recombinant Urate Oxidase
351
Falciparum Malaria Treatment
Artesunate
No need Primaquine as Falciparum does not have liver hypnozoites
352
Non-Falciparum Malaria Treatment
Artemether-Lumefantrine
+ Primaquine for liver hyponozoites
353
STI Spot Diagnosis & Treatment
Painless ulcer on glans penis
Syphilis (Treponema Pallidum)
354
Spot Diagnosis & Treatment
East African
Pancytopaenia
Splenomegaly
Amastigotes on BMAT
Visceral Leishmaniasis
Tx: Miltefosine
355
Spot Diagnosis & Treatment
Slow growing
Pearlescent papule
Telangiectatic vessels
Sun-exposed area of face
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)
1st-Line Tx: Surgery
2nd-Line: RT or Topical Immunotherapy
356
Spot Diagnosis
Rapidly growing
Flat erythematous scaling lesion
Non-healing skin ulcer
No telangiectasia
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)
357
Heart Sounds
Systolic murmur
Loudest at left sternal edge
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
358
Spot Diagnosis
Pheochromocytoma
Retinal haemangioblastoma
Renal carcinoma
von Hippel-Lindau Disease
359
Risk factors for successful suicide [5]
Lives alone
Unemployment
Chronic debilitating physical health problems
Alcohol and drug dependence
Active mental illness
360
Spot Diagnosis
Splenomegaly
Marked rise in blast cells
Neutropaenia
Thrombocytopaenia
Rapid progression
Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML)
361
Staghorn Calculi
Magnesium ammonium phosphate composition
Common in Proteus or Klebsiella infections
362
Spot Diagnosis
Young woman
Pupil reacts slowly to light
Brisk accommodation reflex
Slow to relax once constricted
Holmes-Adie Pupil
363
Spot Diagnosis
Tonically small pupil
React poorly to light
Brisk accommodation reflex
Argyll-Robertson Pupil
364
Heart Sounds
Ejection systolic murmur
Loudest at left upper edge of sternum
Pulmonary Stenosis
365
Spot Diagnosis
Benign ovarian tumour
Ascites
Pleural effusion
Meig Syndrome
366
Homonymous Quadrantopias
Contralateral "PITS"
Parietal Lobe = Inferior Quadrantopia
Temporal Lobe = Superior Quadrantopia
Injury to the lobe causes contralateral visual loss
367
Binge drinking effect on DM glucose control
Alcohol leads to more blood flow to endocrine portion of pancreas, stimulating more insulin secretion hence risk of hypoglycaemia
368
Spot Diagnosis
Chronic venous leg ulcer
New nodule at margin - Ulcerated lesion with necrotic centre
Malignant transformation of venous ulcer into squamous cell carcinoma
369
STI Spot Diagnosis & Treatment
Fishy smelling
White vaginal discharge
No vaginal irritation
Not related to sexual intercourse
Bacterial vaginosis - Gardnerella Vaginalis
Tx: PO or Topical Metronidazole, or Topical Clindamycin
370
Spot Diagnosis
AKI
Maculopapular rash
Recent beta-lactam use
Fever with eosinophilia
Acute Interstitial Nephritis (AIN)
371
STI Spot Diagnosis & Treatment
African
1-2 painful ulcers
Painful inguinal lymphadenopathy
Chancroid
Tx: PO Azithromycin + IV Ceftriaxone
372
CSF Interpretation
373
CSF Interpretation
374
CSF Interpretation
375
CSF Interpretation
376
Visual Field Defects
377
Visual Field Defects
378
Visual Field Defects
379
Visual Field Defects
380
Upper Limb Dermatomes
381
Upper Limb Dermatomes
382
Upper Limb Dermatomes
383
Upper Limb Dermatomes
384
Upper Limb Dermatomes
385
Lower Limb Dermatomes
386
Lower Limb Dermatomes
387
Lower Limb Dermatomes
388
Lower Limb Dermatomes
389
Lower Limb Dermatomes
390
Lower Limb Dermatomes
391
Lower Limb Dermatomes
