acts

Question 1

National Party Manifesto

Answer 1

1948
sauer report-“apartheid was the only way forward, or it would mean suicide for the white race”
- wanted to enforce pass laws more heavily
-D.F Malan
-black people should have no political rights
- aim was achieved as apartheid was enforced
- nationalist party victory

Question 2

United party manifesto

Answer 2

1948
Fagan report - they tried to discourage migrant labour and black homes in controlled townships
-Jan Smuts
-said total segregation would fail- modern industry needs black population living permanently in towns close to workplaces

Question 3

mixed marriages act/ mortality act

Answer 3

1949/1950

• whites not allowed to have sex or marry across racial boundaries
• aim was to stop mixing between races = further segregation
• black SA’s couldn’t be with who they wanted
• this was achieved

Question 4

population registration act

Answer 4

1950

• all SA’s separated into 4 categories
  1) black 2) white3) Indian 4) coloured
• did tests to find out your race(pencil in hair)
• this impacted black SA’s as apartheid laws could easily be applied to their race
• was achieved as they were placed in groups

Question 5

Group areas act

Answer 5

1950

• 3.5 black SA’s were forced out of their homes
• only 2% were white
• they aimed to clean out ‘black spots’
• this meant black SA’s had to leave their homes

Question 6

group areas act info

Answer 6

• sophiatown- took 6 years and housed nearly 60,000 people
• durban- housed around 450k people- 1/2 being indian
• District-60,000 people removed and buildings bulldozed

Question 7

Suppression of communism act

Answer 7

1950

• tried banning communism
• aim to ban any radical group against SA government
• black SA’s couldn’t stand up against SA government - if they did they could be punished

Question 8

urban areas act

Answer 8

1950

• if they had worked there for 10+ years, loved their for 15+ years or born there they would get urban rights
• aim was to limit urban residency for black SA’s
• black SA’s couldn’t live where they wanted

Question 9

Bantu authorities act

Answer 9

1951

• known as great apartheid
• aimed to separate races into self-governing African units
• national party argued this separate development meant races could develop in ways they were best skilled to

Question 10

Defiance campaign

Answer 10

26th June 1952
-civil disobedience
-ANC organised- strategy was for groups of volunteers to break racially based restrictions such as curfews and segregated facilities
-8,000 volunteers involved -6,000 arrested
ANC membership increased from 4,000
—>100,000

Question 11

Pass laws, urban areas act, natives abolition of the pass act

Answer 11

1952(+1956)
- every adult had to carry a pass book which should be presented on demand or face arrest= show their rights to work in certain areas
- if they had worked they’re for 10+ years, lived they’re for 15+ or born there, they would get ur an rights
- aim was to limit urban residency for black SA’a
before 1948 all men had to carry a pass- was extended to all women and enforced more brutally

Question 12

Criminal Law amendment act

Answer 12

1953

• only whites could vote
• stripped blacks of their vote to participate in the national governments of SA
• instead,blacks only had the right to vote for puppet governments in their territory

they did not secure the 2/3rd majority required to change constitutional rights but removed the votes from cape coloured anyway- when this was legally challenged, they packed senate and supreme court with afrikaner supporters and judges to uphold the new law

effective as increased vote to 6000,000 in 1953 beating the united party and remained in power for over 40 years giving increasing numbers of government jobs to afrikaner’s

Question 13

Bantu education act

Answer 13

1953

• objective was to work black people into lower-level jobs
• armed guards in schools= impacted lessons
• children forced to be taught in Afrikaans= not they’re native language = useless
• large classes- cramps classrooms(80)- no concentration

Question 14

Seperate enmities act

Answer 14

1953

• known as petty apartheid
• enforced the segregation of all public facilities
• the main aim was to eliminate any and all contact between white people and other races
• sights for areas for “europeans only”
• the act stated that facilities provided for the different races need not to be equal, with the result that the white areas were always of a better standard and more convenient than for other races

Question 15

Congress of the people

Answer 15

26th- Freedom charter written- 1955

• listing core beliefs =people submitted suggestions
• called for democratic SA+non racial SA
• gained international support
• gave the ANC manifesto- membership went from 7,000–> 100,000

Question 16

Separate representation of voters act

Answer 16

1956

• only whites could vote
• stripped blacks of their rights to participate in the national government of SA
• instead, blacks only had the right to vote for puppet governments in their territory
• New, however, only removed final group of coloured people to have the vote

Question 17

Treason Trial

Answer 17

1956

• 18 months after the creation of the freedom charter, on dec 5th authorities arrested 156 of those who attended the Klipton meeting and charged them with high treason
• AND leaders arrested
• trial against the 30 remaining defendants began in august 1959
• no evidence that any of the defendants were guilty - march 1961
• brought international attention to the resistance campaign
• arrests allowed them to meet and cement relationships they wouldn’t have if they weren’t attending trial together
• dramatised apartheid to the outside world
• However, the ANC were left without any strong leadership for a significant amount of time- led to the split in the ANC

Question 18

Potato boycott

Answer 18

1957-1959

• ANC sponsored
• because of the harsh conditions potato workers endured
• potatoes rot quickly and stocks pulled up as people refused to buy them
• in august 1959 farmers began to improve working conditions and the boycott was hailed a success

Question 19

PAC founded

Answer 19

1957

• Robert Sobukwe formed new organisation separate from the ANC
• blamed the failures of the ANC on the willingness to work with other groups
• many members saw whites as the enemy and must be expelled form SA
• opposed communism
• main difference between ANC and PAC was over the africanist policy

Question 20

Zeerust uprising

Answer 20

1957
- imposition of passes for women living in the Zeerust area of Western Transvaal
local chief denied enforcing this measure and was dismissed
wide spread protest as a result
men and women living in Johannesburg charted buses to join the protest
many arrested
women in Zeerust meanwhile forced to carry their passes by a special police force

Question 21

Bantu self- government act

Answer 21

1959

set up 8 self-governing homelands in which black Africans were to be citizens
by making these ‘homelands’ independent, and removing them officially from south African statistics, whites would become the largest ethnic group
 this act was key for GRAND apartheid and was the start of ambitious plans to making the Bantustans separate, independent countries

Question 22

PAC created

Answer 22

1959
formed in 1959 due to the ANC treason trial
membership exceeded ANC by as many as 25,000

Question 23

Shaprville massacre

Answer 23

21 march - 1960
21st march a crowd estimated as many as 20,000 gathered outside Sharpville policed station
1pm police began shooting at the crowd- 69 demonstrators were killed, 70% of whom shot in the back as they attempted to flee
arrested some of PAC members
state of emergency declared on 30th march 1960
massacre caused international outrage
UN called for abolition of apartheid

Question 24

ANC and PAC declared illegal organisations

Answer 24

April 8th 1960

- under the unlawful organisations act

Question 25

SA left commonwealth

Answer 25

June 1961 Verwoerd’s attended his final conference and decided to withdraw membership in the face of criticism over apartheid- main stumbling block to continued membership was Verwoerd’s refusal to accept diplomats from newly independent African countries.  

Question 26

Mandela set up MK

Answer 26

16th December 1961 Umkhonto we Sizwe set up by Mandela and other leading members of the ANC  the group rejects all-out war and the killing of innocent civilians and therefore target important unstaffed locations like electricity pylons later during the campaign there was some deaths caused by MK guerrilla fighters. - 30 members of various security forces and 100 civilians- 130  in next 18 months 200 attacks took place

Question 27

John Vorster appointed minister of justice

Answer 27

July 1961

Question 28

sabotage act

Answer 28

1962 carried the death penalty, electric shocks allowed guilty was implied, you had to prove yourselves innocent

Question 29

Mandela arrested

Answer 29

August 1962 accused of incitement to strike and travelling alone without a passport sentenced to 5 years in prison without parole

Question 30

General law amendment act

Answer 30

May 1963  allowed authorities to arrested anyone for 90 days without having to bring charges against them or even giving them a lawyer once the initial 90 days was up it could be extended for a further 90 days ’Sobukwe clause’ allowed security forces to keep people in prison beyond the end of their sentence (Sobuwke was the first victim he was imprisoned until may 1969 and then kept under house arrest) = even denied treatment for the cancer that killed him in February 1978

Question 31

Rivonia trial

Answer 31

1964 began October 1963  defendants charged with incitement to cause violent revolution. drew huge media attention and was covered around the world  four-hour speech by Mandela in which he admitted the charges that he belonged to the ANC and MK and again justifying the ANC struggle against apartheid  sentenced to life imprisonment  

Question 32

SA banned from the olympics

Answer 32

1964

Question 33

Bantu law amendment act

Answer 33

January 1964 came into effect on 1st January gave authorities power to deport any Africans from any urban areas for no reason whatsoever  

Question 34

Formation of SASO( south African students organisations)

Answer 34

 Biko formed the SASO as part of the black consciousness movement  encouraging black SA to take pride in being black, refuse to accept white supremacy and to celebrate black history  in 1975 SASO banned but continues underground

Question 35

Soweto uprising

Answer 35

June 1976 Soweto was one of the biggest townships- problem with overcrowding protests against being taught in Afrikaans 10,000 students meant to take part in a joyful march police shooting at random Hector Pieterson photo

Question 36

Terrorism act

Answer 36

1976