actual exam 1

Question 1

What are the seven tenets of the North American Model of Wildlife Conservation?

Answer 1

1) Wildlife resources are a public trust
2) Markets for game are eliminated
3) Wildlife is allocated by law
4) Wildlife can be killed only for a legitimate purpose
5) Wildlife is considered an international resource
6) Science is the proper tool for policy
7) Democracy of hunting is standard

Question 2

What is the Public Trust Doctrine (PTD)?

Answer 2

A principle stating that wildlife is held in trust by the government for public use, originating from Roman and English common law.

Question 3

What court case first applied PTD to wildlife in the U.S.?

Answer 3

Geer v. Connecticut (1896) – Extended PTD to include wildlife management under state authority.

Question 4

What are the primary funding sources for fish and wildlife management?

Answer 4

• Hunting and fishing license sales
  • Pittman-Robertson Act (1937) – Firearms/ammunition tax
  • Dingell-Johnson Act (1950) – Fishing equipment tax
  • Federal and private grants
  • Conservation sales taxes (state-based)

Question 5

What is the primary purpose of Pittman-Robertson funds?

Answer 5

To fund wildlife restoration, hunter education, and habitat management.

Question 6

What alternative funding source was proposed in the Restoring America’s Wildlife Act?

Answer 6

$1.4 billion annually for state and tribal wildlife conservation programs.

Question 7

What are the five historical periods of fish and wildlife management in the U.S.?

Answer 7

1) Pre-European Settlement: Indigenous resource management
2) Colonization Era: Market hunting, overexploitation
3) Westward Expansion: Habitat loss, species decline
4) Early Conservation Era: Laws like Lacey Act, MBTA
5) Contemporary Management: Ecosystem-based and non-game species focus

Question 8

Name two key conservation laws from the Early Conservation Era.

Answer 8

• Lacey Act (1900): Prohibited illegal wildlife trade
  • Migratory Bird Treaty Act (1918): Protected migratory birds

Question 9

What is a management legacy?

Answer 9

Long-term impacts of past management decisions that influence current conservation policies.

Question 10

Give an example of a species removal legacy.

Answer 10

The Mexican wolf was extirpated due to predator control but reintroduced under the ESA (1976).

Question 11

What are the three federal clauses that define management authority over wildlife?

Answer 11

1) Property Clause: Federal control over public lands
2) Commerce Clause: Authority over interstate trade
3) Supremacy Clause: Federal laws override state laws

Question 12

How do tribal nations participate in fish and wildlife management?

Answer 12

Through treaty rights, co-management agreements, and management of natural resources on 52 million acres of tribal land.

Question 13

What are three formal ways the public can participate in fish and wildlife management decisions?

Answer 13

1) Public Comment Periods – Provide feedback on regulations
2) Public Hearings – Engage directly with agency decision-makers
3) Ballot Initiatives – Vote on wildlife policy changes

Question 14

What role do cooperative research units play in fish and wildlife management?

Answer 14

Game and fish: focus on solely gila trout
FW: separate 5 genetic differences

Question 15

What are the main duties of a state wildlife commission?

Answer 15

• Appointing agency directors
  • Setting hunting and fishing seasons
  • Allocating conservation funds
  • Establishing state wildlife policies