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actual labs Flashcards

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1
Q

what staining method helps see blood components

A

HEMA 3 fixative

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2
Q

what do erythrocytes look like

A

(RBC) bioconcave, anucleate (no neuc)

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3
Q

Leukocyte types

A

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils. NLMEB

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4
Q

two differences between compound microscope and magnifying glass

A

multiple layered lenses, light source, stationary

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5
Q

function of sub stage condenser

A

focuses light beneath stage on specimen

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6
Q

function of iris diaphram

A

vary amount of ight shown on specimen (visibility)

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7
Q

function of immersion oil

A

allow for sharper image, reduces difference between specimen and lens creating more focused image

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8
Q

highest and lowest power on microscope

A

40, 1000

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9
Q

normal WBC count

A

<0.1%, higher can indicate infection

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10
Q

elevated eosinophil count?

A

disease or allergic reaction

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11
Q

in a cell what structures are stained by methalyne blue and why

A

meth blue reacts with nucleic acids which are found in dna, so structures with dna such as mitochondira and nucleus are stained

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12
Q

difference in adult vs nb blood smear

A

nb much higher, how quickly babies grow, need more blood and o2 supply.

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13
Q

parts of physical examination of urine

A

quantity, colour, transparency, specific gravity

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14
Q

HIgh and low urine production causes

A

high- diabetes, infection, excess fluid intake,
low- acute infections, low fluid intake, dehydration, shock

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15
Q

urine colour indications

A

normal- plae yellow (hydration)
red- blood, hematuria or hemoglobin- hemoglobinuria

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16
Q

urine transparency indications

A

cloudiness or smoke indicates suspended material (mucus, bacteria)

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17
Q

what is specific gravuty and what does it indicate in urine

A

weight of dolution compared to water. normal urine is more dense than water (1.05 to 1.020), solutes in urine increase density.

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18
Q

Chemical examination of urine components

A

pH, protien, glucoe, ketones, urobilinogen, blood, wbc, nitrate

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19
Q

Ph of urine and abnormal indications

A

normal 5-9. low ph indicate renal comp for high H+ in blood.

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20
Q

protien in urine

A

usually so low undetectable. protien in urine = protenuria. caused by kidney infection, UTI, pregnancy indiced hypertension.

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21
Q

glucose in urine

A

kidneys capacity for gluocose exceeded, glucose excreted in urine. Glysosuria. high levels indicate diabetes mellitus. In pregnancy higher levels than avg but very high = GDM.

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22
Q

ketones in urine

A

products of lipid metabolism found in blood, not normally urine. Insulin dependant diabetics or people w abnormal carb metabolism have keytone bodies in urine.. keytonuria.
acetone, acetoaetic acid or hydrooxybutyric acid in urine.

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23
Q

urobilinogen in urine

Study These Flashcards
A

byproduct of hemoglobin degration. small amounts normal, give urine its colour. high levels indicate high levels of heme being broken down and may indicate pathology.

24
Q

blood in urine

Study These Flashcards
A

hemoglobinuria or hematuria. abnormal. kidney or uniary tract disease. on multistix spots indicate whole RBC, solid coulor indicate hemolysis.

25
wbc in urine
UTI or kidney infection
26
Nitrite in urine
UTI
27
Urine test strip
MULTISTIX
28
why examine particulate components of urine (sediment)
Diagnosis of pathology. see crystals, epitheleal cells, rbc, leukocytes, bacteria, casts (agglomerations of blood cells or protien in the shape of a kidney tubule)
29
what to use to stain sediment after centrifuging urine
sedistain
30
on multistix, itact rbc (no hemolysis) indicates what?
presence of rbc in urinary tract (green speckles on strip), lesion or bleeding in urinary tract. this is not normal. Normal would be Hemolysis (solid strip)
31
normal solutes of urine which contribute to specific gravity. what is specific gravity??
urea, sodium, potassium, chloride etc. normal >1.
32
how is billirubin transported in blood? Conj and un conj?
unconj- not water soluble and bound to albuminium- from breakdown of hemoglobin in spleen conj- water soluble, addition of glucuronic acid- in liver
33
what breakdown billirubin products normally encountered in urine? when billirubin found in urine?
urobilinogen breakdown product of billiruibin, found in liver. Bilirubin found in urine indicates abnormal kidney function such as infection.
34
Hemolysis is...
when plasma membrane of rbc breaks and hemoglobin leaks out
35
isotonic
the same solute concentration as another solution, osmotic pressure (flow in and out of cell is equal and balenced)
36
hypertonic
has a higher solute concentration than another solution, a caell placed in hypertonic solution would have water flow out of it, causing the shell to shrivel
37
Crenation
water rushing out of a RBC causing it to shrivel
38
hypotonic
has a lower solute concentration than another solution. a cell placed in hypotonic solution water would rush in and cause the cell to swell and could cause bursting.
39
hematocrit...
rbc.. packed cell volume, cells vs fluid highet of packed rbc/total height of fluid column
40
normal male and female hematocrit levels
male: 42-52% female: 36-46%
41
rbc and 0.9% nacl
solution isotonic to rbc. shape stays same, no osmotic movement
42
rbc and 3.0% nacl
solution is hypertonic to rbc. cause rbc to shrivel, wtaer flows out of rbc
43
rbc in distilled water
solution is hypotonic, water flows into rbc and swells
44
rbc in glucose
hypertonic in comparison to rbc, cause rbc to shrivel
45
solute concentration compared to water (osmotic pressure)
high water pressure = low solute presssure. low water pressure = high solute prrssure. water flows from areas of high to low solute flows from areas of low to high
46
low hematocrit level?
low rbc. anemia, vitamin deficiency, blood loss.
47
what type of reactions do buffers participate in? what is their goal?
equilibrium reactions. balance products and reactants. prevent drastic change in ph: act to change strong acids/ base to weak.
48
H+ and buffer systems
if H+ increase buffers work to consum, if H+ decrease buffers aim to produce
49
3 buffer systems
1. phosphate 2. bicarbonate 3.protien
50
protien buffer system
most effective system. protiens made of amino acids. amino acids have many carboxyl groups (COOH) and amino groups (NH2). COOH acts as an acid and releases H+ to lower PH, NH2 acts as a base and binds with H+ to raise Ph.
51
bicarbonate buffer system
bicarbonate (HCO3) acts as weak base and binds to H+, raising ph, carbonic (H2CO3) can realease H+ like weak acid and lower ph
52
phosphate buffer system.
monohydrogen phosphate HPO4 acts as weak base, binding H+, dihydrogen phosphate H2Po4 realese H+ like weak acid and lowers ph
53
gross colony characteristics
size, form, elevation, margin, color, density, surface, consistancy.
54
observations of hemolysis ( gross colony plate)
alpha- partial hemolysis, green or grey halo beta- complete hemolysis, transparent halo gamma y- no hemolysis
55
Gramstaining
divide bacteria into gram negative and gram positive. uses: crystal violet (stains) iodine (fixes stain) decolourise (gram pos will hold violet gram neg will not) Safranin ( stain gram neg)
56
3 species of microbes in vaginal flora
Gardnerella vaginalis , lactobacillus crispatus, lactobacillus iners
57

life sci lab review (2 decks)

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