Acute and Chronic Inflammation

Question 1

What is the hallmark of acute inflammation?

Answer 1

Edema and Neutrophils in the tissue.

Question 2

Acute inflammation arises in response to what 2 stimuli?

Answer 2

infection

tissue necrosis

Question 3

necrosis is followed by what?

Answer 3

acute inflammation

Question 4

what is the purpose of acute inflammation in necrosis?

Answer 4

clear necrotic debris-so healing can occur.

Question 5

what is the purpose of acute inflammation in infection?

Answer 5

eliminate pathogen

Question 6

Acute inflammation is an _______ response with ______ specificity

Answer 6

immediate

limited

Question 7

Acute inflammation is a part of ____ immunity

Answer 7

innate

Question 8

Compare and contrast innate immunity vs. adaptive immunity

Answer 8

innate immunity is faster but less specific than adaptive immunity. Innate involves things like Neutrophils, macrophages, the complement system. Adaptive involves things like B and T cells (lymphocytes) and antibodies.

Question 9

TLRs are on cells of the ___ immune system.

Answer 9

innate and adaptive

Question 10

PAMP would be recognized by ____

Answer 10

TLRs

Question 11

All Gram Negative bacteria have ____ on the outer membrane

Answer 11

LPS

Question 12

____ on macrophages recognizes LPS

Answer 12

CD14

Question 13

LPS is a ______

Answer 13

PAMP

Question 14

TLR activation results in upregulation of _____

Answer 14

NF-kB

Question 15

____ turns on the acute inflammatory response

Answer 15

NF-kB

Question 16

TLRs on cells of the adaptive immune system regulate _____ inflammation

Answer 16

chronic

Question 17

in cyclooxygenase pathway, vasodilation occurs at the _____ while increased vascular permeability occurs at the_____

Answer 17

arteriole

post-capillary venule

Question 18

PGE2 mediates what?

Answer 18

fever and pain

Question 19

Arachidonic acid is acted on by either

Answer 19

cyclooxygenase or 5-lipooxygenase

Question 20

Arachidonic Acid is released from the _________ by ______

Answer 20

phospholipid cell membrane

phospholipase A2

Question 21

Cyclooxygenase produces ___

Answer 21

prostaglandin

Question 22

The prostaglandins produced from Cyclooxygenase are

Answer 22

PGI2, PGD2, PGE2 (I,D,E)

Question 23

PGI2, PGD2, PGE2 mediate _____ and _____

Answer 23

vasodilation and vascular permeability

Question 24

What does the 5-lipooxygenase pathway produce?

Answer 24

Leukotrienes

Question 25

LTB4 does what?

Answer 25

attracts and activates neutrophils

Question 26

LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4 mediate what?

Answer 26

vasoconstriction, bronchospasm, and increased vascular permeability. Basically these three molecules contract smooth muscle (constricting blood vessels and bronchi, and pericytes which allow openings in blood vessels)

Question 27

Three ways that mast cells can be activated

Answer 27

tissue trauma C3a and C5a in complement cross-linking of cell-surface IgE by antigen

Question 28

What is the immediate response of activated mast cells?

Answer 28

release of preformed histamine granules

Question 29

What do histamine granules do?

Answer 29

mediate vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

Question 30

What is the delayed response of activated mast cells?

Answer 30

production of arachidonic acid metabolites. Particularly, leukotrienes.

Question 31

Complement is ___-inflammatory?

Answer 31

pro. This is one way of achieving inflammation, through the proinflammatory serum proteins that circulate as inactive precursors.

Question 32

What are the four key things that bring in neutrophils?

Answer 32

C5a, LTB4, IL8, bacterial products

Question 33

what is Hageman factor?

Answer 33

inactive proinflammatory protein produced in liver.

Question 34

How is Hageman factor activated?

Answer 34

upon exposure to subendothelial or tissue collagen

Question 35

Hageman factor is part of acute or chronic inflam?

Answer 35

acute

Question 36

Hageman factor is important because it in turn activates

Answer 36

coagulation and fibrinolytic systems complement Kinin system

Question 37

what is the kinin system?

Answer 37

Cleaves HMWK to bradykinin, which mediates vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and pain

Question 38

how do we get rubor and calor in inflammation?

Answer 38

vasodilation and warmth (because of increased blood flow)

Question 39

Vasodilation occurs by relaxing ____

Answer 39

arteriolar smooth muscle

Question 40

key mediators of vasodilation are __.

Answer 40

histamine PGs bradykinin

Question 41

How do we get tumor in inflammation?

Answer 41

leakage of fluid from postcapillary venules into interstitial space.

Question 42

what are the key mediators of tumor?

Answer 42

``` histamine tissue damage (disrupts endothelium and causes fluid to escape) ```

Question 43

What causes Dolor in inflammation>

Answer 43

bradykinin and PGE2 | They sensitize sensory nerve endings

Question 44

To get fever macrophages release ___ and ____.

Answer 44

IL1 and TNF

Question 45

To get fever released IL1 and TNF travel in the blood until they reach ______ cells of the ______. This increases ____ activity.

Answer 45

perivascular cells hypothalmus COX (cyclooxygenase) This increased COX activity is what increases PGE2 which causes fever

Question 46

Increased cox activity increases ____ which causes fever

Answer 46

PGE2