Acute cancer

Question 1

What is the pathophysiology of cancer ?

Answer 1

a single cell transformation that does not conform to the regulation of cellular differentiation and proliferation and continues to grow

Question 2

What is carcinogens?

Answer 2

‘A substance that causes cancer or increases the risk of developing cancer.’
* ‘Agents capable of initiating the development of malignant tumors by inducing genetic changes.

Question 3

What is myeloma ?

Answer 3

Cancer of the plasma cells

Question 4

What tests are used to diagnose cancer?

Answer 4

Blood tests, urine collection, biopsy, excision, bone marrow biopsy, PET, CT, MRI, bone scan, mammography

Question 5

What are 3 goals for cancer treatment?

Answer 5

Cure, control and palliate

Question 6

What are some nursing considerations in cancer care?

Answer 6

risk of infections, AKI, cardiotoxicity

Question 7

what is a Primary prevention ?

Answer 7

aims at ensuring cancer
never develops

Question 8

What is secondary prevention?

Answer 8

aims at detecting and
treating cancer early

Question 9

what is Tertiary Prevention ?

Answer 9

aims to soften the impact of
an ongoing illness or injury that has lasting
effects.

Question 10

What is metastasis ?

Answer 10

Metastasis is the spread of cancer from initial or primary site to a distant site

Question 11

what are the stages of metastasis ?

Answer 11

• Tumour angiogenesis
• Mechanical invasions
• Detaching and invading surrounding tissue and walls

Question 12

What is the difference between oncology and haematology?

Answer 12

Oncology is cancer of the tissue/cells and haematology is blood

Question 13

What does T stand for in cancer classification?

Answer 13

Primary tumour

Question 14

What does N stand for in cancer classification?

Answer 14

Regional Lymph Nodes

Question 15

Q
What does M stand for in cancer classification?

Answer 15

Distant metastases

Question 16

What is Haematopoiesis ?

Answer 16

Haematopoiesis is the term for blood
cell production. This occurs within
the bone marrow. Red blood cells,
white blood cells and platelets all
develop from a common
haematopoietic stem cell1
. These cells then go through a process of
maturation and differentiate into
several different types of blood
cells

Question 17

What is Radiation therapy ?

Answer 17

Used more in solid tumours
* Generally used in haematology as a
supportive measure ie: pain relief in
myeloma
* Used to shrink some lymphomas

Question 18

Radiation therapy side effect.

Answer 18

Causes burns, fatigue and can cause GI
problems depending on site

Question 19

Nursing consideration in radiotherapy ?

Answer 19

Site specific toxicities
* Burns/skin toxicities
* Pain
* Malnutrition
* Stenosis
* Long treatments, at hospital every day

Question 20

What is chemotherapy ?

Answer 20

It is anti-cancer drugs

Question 21

chemotherapy side effect ?

Answer 21

Nausea.
Vomiting.
Diarrhea.
Hair loss.
Loss of appetite.
Fatigue.
Fever.
oral pain

Question 22

What are some nursing considerations for someone having chemotherapy?

Answer 22

bone marrow failure, risk of infection, AKI, cardiotoxicity, haemorrhagic cystitis, hepatotoxicity, mucositis and CNS toxicities

Question 23

What is haemorrhagic cystitis?

Answer 23

Bladder irritation

Question 24

What is mucositis?

Answer 24

ulcerative lesions of the mucosal lining
of the oral cavity secondary to anti-cancer agents, radiation therapy, or high dose chemotherapy.
Inflammation of the gi tract

Question 25

What is Stomatitis ?

Answer 25

oral ulceration, xerostomia, altered taste and taste loss,
oral sensitivity, and oral pain with or without lesions being
clinically present

Question 26

What are immunotherapies?

Answer 26

Drugs that manipulate the immune system to kill cancer cells

Question 27

What is stem cell transplantation?

Answer 27

When we give the patient’s own improved stem cells given back to the patient

Question 28

What is tumour lysis syndrome?

Answer 28

when the patient has a high dose of chemotherapy cells bust and the contents goes into the bloodstream which is shown in blood tests

Question 29

What is neutropenic sepsis?

Answer 29

high temperature and an extremely low neutrophil count and they have an infection

Question 30

What is thrombocytopenia?

Answer 30

Reduced number of platelets

Question 31

what is Spinal Cord Compression ?

Answer 31

Cancer cells sometimes grow around the
spinal cord and cause compression on the
spinal cord.
* Can result in transient neurological damage.
* Can result in irreversible damage including
paraplegia.

Question 32

Spinal Cord Compression treatment ?

Answer 32

Bed rest
* Analgesia
* Radiation therapy

Question 33

What are some clinical signs of ALL in children?

Answer 33

Anaemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropoenia

Question 34

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) Pathophysiology ?

Answer 34

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia occurs after damage to DNA causes lymphoid cells to undergo uncontrolled growth and spread throughout the body.

Question 35

what is the cause for ALL ?

Answer 35

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the result of a process of malignant transformation of progenitor cell lineage of the B and T lymphocytes.

Question 36

What are the signs and symptoms for ALL ?

Answer 36

Febrile illness, pallor, fatigue,
bleeding (petechiae, purpura), bone
pain,

Question 37

What is AML ?

Answer 37

Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML) develops when the body makes many abnormal white blood cells, increasing the risk of infection.