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5th yr- DENTAIM > Acute cardiac Ischaemia > Flashcards

Acute cardiac Ischaemia Flashcards

(42 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 2 common pathologies that cause acute cardiac ischaemia

A
  1. Stable angina

2. Acute coronary syndrome (ACS)

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2
Q

What is acute cardiac ischaemia

A

A term used to describe reduced oxygen delivery to the heart

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3
Q

What is stable angina

A

A chronic condition caused by the narrowing of the coronary arteries restricting blood flow

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4
Q

What is acute coronary syndrome

A

An umbrella term used to describe unstable angina and myocardial infarction

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5
Q

What is acute coronary syndrome associated with

A

Severe interruption of blood flow to the heart

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6
Q

What fall under Acute coronary syndrome

A
  1. Unstable angina
  2. Non ST elevation myocardial infarction
  3. ST elevation myocardial infarction
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7
Q

What does unstable angina suggest

A

Suggest a deterioration of the chronic condition without damage to the heart muscles

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8
Q

What is the main difference between Non ST elevation myocardial infarction and ST elevation myocardial infarction

A

ST elevation myocardial infarction can be visible on the ST segment on the ECG due to significant damage to heart muscle

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9
Q

What is present in blood vessels in a patietn with stable angina

A

Atheroma plaque

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10
Q

What does atheroma plaque in blood vessels do

A

It reduces the lumen size

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11
Q

What does a reduced lumen size impact

A

Impacts blood flow and oxygen delivery

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12
Q

When are the symptoms of ischaemia present in a patietn with stable angine

A

When there’s increased Demand for blood and oxygen but the lumen size is insufficient

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13
Q

What is present in blood vessels in a patient with acute coronary syndrome

A

Larger atheroma plaques are present

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14
Q

What does large atheroma plaque in blood vessels lead to

A

Reduced blood flow leading to further symptoms of ischaemia experienced even without trigger

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15
Q

What does narrowing of the lumen size lead to

A

Increased blood pressure

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16
Q

What can prolonged increased blood pressure cause

A

May result in erosion of the atheroma plaque

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17
Q

What can erosion of the atheroma plaque cause

Study These Flashcards
A

Can cause bleeding and a blood clot to form at the rupture site

18
Q

If a patient is experiencing chest pain for the first time what should they do

Study These Flashcards
A

Call 999 and treat of acute coronary syndrome

19
Q

List the risk factors for cardiac ischaemia

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Diabetes
  2. hypertension
  3. Obesity
  4. Smoking
20
Q

Describe the typical presentation of acute cardiac ischaemia

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Chest pain
  2. Radiation of pain to arm, back, jaw
  3. Shortness of breath
  4. Nausea
21
Q

What acronym do we use to identify acute cardiac ischaemia

22
Q

What does THE DRS stand for

Study These Flashcards
A 
Trigger
History 
Episodes
Duration 
Resolution 
Severity
23
Q

What os the trigger for stable angina

Study These Flashcards
A

Obvious exertion or emotional trigger

24
Q

What is the typical history for stable angina

Study These Flashcards
A

Known angina in patient

25
How long does a stable angina episode last
Symptoms usual resolve in less than 15 minutes
26
How does stable angina resolve
May resolve with rest or fast response to nitrates (GTN)
27
How might a patient describe the severity of stable angina
Pain typical of patients with normal angina
28
What is the trigger for acute coronary syndrome
Unclear trigger
29
What is the history of acute coronary syndrome
No previous chest pain
30
How long does an acute coronary syndrome episode last
Symptoms continue in excess fo 15 minutes
31
How does acute coronary syndrome resolve
Slow or minimal response to nitrates
32
How might a patient describe the severity of acute coronary syndrome
Severity worse than typical angina pain
33
Talk through the THE DRS for stable angina
T- Obvious H- Known Angina E- No increased frequency of episodes D- Symptoms resolve in less than 15 minutes R- May resolve with rest or fast response to nitrates S- Pain typical of patients normal angina
34
Talk through the THE DRS for acute coronary syndrome
T- Unclear trigger H- No previous chest pain E- increased frequency of episodes D- Symptoms continue in excess of 15 minutes R- Slow or minimal response to nitrates S- Severity worse than typical angina pain
35
How do we manage stable angina
1. Rest 2. Glyceryl Trinitrate (GTN) 3. Monitor
36
How does GTN work
Dilates blood vessels improving oxygen delivery
37
What is the maximum number of doses of GTN
6 max
38
How do we monitor stable angina
Using the ABCDE approach
39
How do we manage acute coronary syndrome
1. Glyceryl Trinitrate (GTN) 2. Aspirin 3. Oxygen 4. Monitor
40
What does aspirin do in an acute coronary syndrome patietn
Inhibits clot formation reducing damage to the heart muscle
41
when do we give a patietn with acute coronary syndrome oxygen
When hypoxia is identified
42
What is hypoxia indicated with
Oxygen saturation of less than 94%

5th yr- DENTAIM (8 decks)

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