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Acute & Chronic Inflammation Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

3 phenomena which occur during acute inflammation

A
  1. Vasodilation
  2. Increase in permeability of blood vessels
  3. Emigration of leukocytes
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2
Q

Which mediators stimulate vasodilation in acute inflammation?

A

Histamine & nitric oxide

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3
Q

Which mediators stimulate retraction of endothelial cells?

A

Histamine, bradykinin, leukotrienes etc.

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4
Q

Which mediator stimulate opening of intracellular channels for transcytosis?

A

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

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5
Q

Describe emigration of leukocytes

A
  1. Rolling: selectin on endothelial cell & glycoproteins on leukocyte
  2. Adhesion: ICAM-1 on endothelial cell & integrin on leukocyte
  3. Diapedesis: leukocyte flattens & extends pseudopods; PECAM-1
  4. Chemotaxis
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6
Q

Describe phagocytosis

A
  1. Recognition & attachment
  2. Engulfment
  3. Killing
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7
Q

Arginine –?–> NO

A

iNOS

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8
Q

O2 –?–> ROS

A

Phagocyte oxidase

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9
Q

Name enzyme which converts H2O2 derived from ROS into hypochlorite OCl2- in the presence of halide e.g., Cl-

A

MPO

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10
Q

Types of exudates

A

Serous, purulent, fibrinous

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11
Q

Serous exudate

A

Cell-poor fluid

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12
Q

Viral infections may cause serous inflammation. True/False?

A

True

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13
Q

Causes of fibrinous inflammation

A
  1. Great increase in vascular permeability

2. Procoagulant e.g., cancer cells

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14
Q

If unremoved, what will fibrinous inflammation result in?

A

Ingrowth of fibroblasts & blood vessels thus scarring

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15
Q

Main component of fibrinous inflammation

A

Fibrinogen which becomes fibrin

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16
Q

How is fibrinous exudate removed?

A
  1. Fibrinolysis

2. Macrophages

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17
Q

Purulent inflammation may cause scarring. True/False?

A

True

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18
Q

Histamine

A

Source: mast cells
Actions: vasodilation & increased vascular permeability

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19
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Source: hypothalamus
Actions: vasodilation, pain, fever

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20
Q

Leukotrienes

A

Source: mast cells
Action: chemotaxis

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21
Q

Nitric oxide

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A

Source: endothelial cells
Action: vasodilation

22
Q

Cytokines

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A

Source: mast cells
Action: chemotaxis

23
Q

Platelet-activating factor

Study These Flashcards
A

Source: mast cells
Action: degranulation

24
Q

Example of complement & action

Study These Flashcards
A

C5a

Action: chemotaxis

25
Source of complement
Plasma
26
Kinins
Source: plasma Action: pain
27
Name another mediator other than histamine which increases vascular permeability
Serotonin
28
Fever-causing mediators
IL-1 & TNF
29
Pain-causing mediators
Prostaglandins & kinin
30
Cytokines in acute inflammation
TNF, IL-1, IL-6 & chemokines
31
Cytokines in chronic inflammation
IL-12, IL-17 & IFN-y
32
Outcomes of acute inflammation
1. Resolution w/ regeneration 2. Resolution w/ scarring 3. Chronic inflammation
33
Cells involved in chronic inflammation
Macrophages, lymphocytes & plasma cells
34
What does acute-phase response consist of?
1. Fever 2. Leukocytosis 3. Acute phase proteins
35
Example of exogenous pyrogen
LPS
36
What does hypothalamus secrete in response to pyrogens?
Prostaglandins
37
What are the 3 acute phase proteins?
1. Serum amyloid A 2. Fibrinogen 3. C-reactive protein
38
What is effect of increase in fibrinogen on rate of sedimentation of erythrocytes?
Increases
39
State 2 key mediators involved in acute-phase response
TNF & IL-1
40
Increase in which enzyme during acute phase response causes anemia?
Hepcidin
41
Type of leukocytosis in bacterial infection
Neutrophilia
42
Type of leukocytosis in viral infection
Lymphocytosis
43
Type of leukocytosis in parasitic infection & allergies
Eosinophilia
44
Typhoid fever causes ___ which means decrease in leukocyte.
Leukopenia
45
Name the 2 ways macrophages are activated
Classical & alternative
46
What does classically activated macrophage do?
Phagocytose & stimulate inflammation by releasing more cytokines
47
What is effect of alternatively activated macrophage?
Anti-inflammatory
48
Examples of mediators in alternative macrophage activation
IL-13, IL-4, IL-10 & TGF-b
49
T cells: CD4+ = _A_ CD8+ = _B_
A: helper B: cytotoxic
50
IFN-y
Source: T cell Action: activates macrophages
51
IL-12
Source: macrophage Action: increase IFN-y

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