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MD2001 Week 4 > Acute Inflamation > Flashcards

Acute Inflamation Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the principle causes of acute inflammation? (4)

A
  • microbial infections
  • hypersensitivity reactions
  • physical agents
  • chemical agents
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2
Q

What are the physical characteristics of acute inflammation?

A
  • red - rubor
  • hot - calor
  • swollen - tumour
  • painful/tender - doll
  • loss of function
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3
Q

What causes rubor?

A

dilation of blood vessels

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4
Q

What causes calor?

A

peripheral increase in temp

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5
Q

What causes tumour?

A

due to oedema - watery fluid accumulation

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6
Q

What cause dolor?

A

stimulation of nerve endings by pressure and chemical mediators

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7
Q

What happens in the vascular phase?

A

dilation and increased permeability

  • endothelial cells well initially, then contract to increase space between them
  • process is regulated by chemical mediators
  • epithelial cells are not damaged
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8
Q

What happens in the exudative phase?

A

fluid and cells escape from permeable venues (small veins)

- net loss of fluid from vascular into interstitial space - resulting in tumour/oedema

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9
Q

What is exudate?

A

mass of cells and fluid that has seeped out of blood vessels or organs in inflammation

  • high protein content
  • proteins include immunoglobulins (antibodies)
  • continuously removed by lymphatics
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10
Q

What are the differences between exudate and transudate?

A

transudate:

  • no net flow out
  • normal vascular permeability
  • low protein content
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11
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system in acute inflammation?

A

lymphatics are dilated - drain fluid from exudate - antigens are carried to lymph nodes - recognised by lymphocytes

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12
Q

What is lymphangitis?

A

inflammation of the lymph vessels

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13
Q

What is lymphadenitis?

A

inflammation of the lymph nodes

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14
Q

What is the diagnostic feature of acute inflammation?

A

neutrophil accumulation in the extracellular space

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15
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

the most common white blood cell

- very short lived

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16
Q

What are the functions of neutrophils?

A
  • kill organisms
  • degrade necrotic tissue
  • ingest offending agents
  • produce chemical mediators
  • produce toxic oxygen radicals
  • produce tissue damaging enzymes
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17
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

the movement of a motile cell or organism in a direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing/decreasing concentration of a particular substance

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18
Q

What happens in neutrophil chemotaxis?

A

the neutrophils migrate towards sites of infection/inflammation

  • cell surface receptors allow neutrophils to detect chemical gradients of molecules (chemotactic compounds) - these direct the path of their migration
  • at the site of the antigen the concentration of chemotactic compounds tends to be higher
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19
Q

What do chemotactic compounds include?

A
  • bacterial products
  • some complement components
  • products of neutrophil activity
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20
Q

What are chemical mediators of acute inflammation?

A

any messenger that acts on blood vessels, inflammatory cells or any other cells to contribute to an inflammatory response
- spread of an acute inflammatory response following an injury suggests chemical substances (chemical mediators) released from injured tissue spread outwards into uninjured areas

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21
Q

Where are chemical mediators derived from?

A

exogenous (from in cells) - endotoxins

endogenous (extracellular) - plasma, leukocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts

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22
Q

What do endogenous chemical mediators cause?

A
  • vasodilation
  • emigration of neutrophils
  • chemotaxis
  • increased vascular permeability
  • itching and pain
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23
Q

What are plasma factors?

A

clotting factors - proteins that work together with platelets to clot blood

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24
Q

What are the 4 enzymatic cascade systems found in plasma?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • complement system
  • the kinins
  • the coagulation factors
  • fibrinolytic system
25
What is the complement system?
cascade system of enzymatic proteins - activated during inflammatory system - helps get rid of pathogens and antigens
26
What are the coagulation factors function?
the conversion of soluble fibrinogen into fibrin - seals leaks
27
What is the fibrinolytic system?
lysis of fibrin into fibrin degradation products
28
How do neutrophils carry out their function?
- movement (chemotaxis) - recognition of and adhesion to micro-organisms - phagocytosis - intracellular killing of micro-organisms
29
What are opsonins?
proteins that bind to extracellular materials and make them more adherent to phagocytic cells and more amenable to engulfment or ingestion
30
Why are opsonins important?
most micro-organisms are not recognised until they are coated in opsonins these opsonins greatly enhance phagocytosis
31
How do opsonins work?
they bind to specific receptors on leucocytes (WBCs) and greatly enhance phagocytosis
32
What are the major opsonins?
Fc fragment of IgG C3b - fragment of C3 generated by complement activation Collectins - plasma proteins that bind to microbial cell walls
33
What is phagocytosis?
process in which cells such as neutrophils and macrophages ingest solid particles
34
What does acute inflammation look like?
- serous - catarrhal - fibrinous - hemorrhagic - suppurative - membranous - pseudomembranous
35
Serous?
protein rich fluid exudate
36
Catarrhal?
mucus hypersecretion
37
Fibrinous?
exudate contains plentiful fibrin
38
Hemorrhagic?
severe vascular injury
39
Suppurative?
production of pus
40
Membranous?
epithelium coated by fibrin
41
Pseudomembranous?
superficial mucosal slough
42
What is suppuration?
formation of pus - due to mainly neutrophils also bacteria, cellular debris - caused almost always by an infective agent
43
What is an abscess?
a collection of puss surrounded by a membrane of sprouting capillaries, neutrophils and occasional fibroblasts
44
What happens to a drained abscess?
the abscess cavity collapses and is obliterated by organisation and fibrosis
45
How may deep seated accesses drain?
along a sinus tract or fistula
46
What is a fistula?
abnormal connection between two hollow spaces (blood vessels, intestine, hollow organs)
47
What is an ulcer?
a local defect or excavation of the surface of an organ or tissue that is produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue
48
What is sloughing/slough?
dead tissue sperating from living tissue
49
What is necrotic tissue?
death of cells or tissues due to injury/disease especially in a localised area of the body
50
Where is ulceration most commonly found?
- inflammatory necrosis of the mucosa - mouth, stomach, intestine - chronic leg ulcers in those with circulatory disturbance
51
What are the beneficial effects of acute inflammation?
- dilution of toxins - (then can be carried away by lymphatics) - entry of antibodies - (due to increased vascular permeability) - fibrin formation - (impedes movement of microorganisms) - transport of drugs - (eg antibiotics) - delivery of nutrients and oxygen - (aided by increased fluid flow) - stimulation of immune response - (fluid exudate containing antigens reaches local lymph nodes)
52
What are the harmful effects of acute inflammation?
- digestion of normal tissues - swelling - eg. brain swelling, laryngeal oedema - inappropriate inflammatory response - eg. type I hypersensitivity (allergic reaction)
53
What are the systemic effects of acute inflammation?
- pyrexia (fever) - - constitutional symptoms - reactive hyperplasia of the reticuloendothelial system - haematological changes
54
Explain pyrexia in acute inflammation?
elevation in temperature may improve efficiency y of leukocyte killing and probably impairs the replication of many offending microorganisms
55
What are constitutional symptoms?
Constitutional symptoms refers to a group of symptoms that can affect many different systems of the body. eg. weight loss, malaise, nausea ...
56
Explain weight loss in inflammation?
- due to negative nitrogen balance - especially when there is extensive chronic inflammation
57
What is reactive hyperplasia of the reticuloendothelial system?
?
58
What haematological changes can occur as a result of inflammation?
- increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (rate at which red blood cells separate from serum) - anaemia (low red blood cells) - leukocytosis (increased white blood cells)

MD2001 Week 4 (10 decks)

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