Acute Inflammation 1

Question 1

Name 6 causes of acute inflammation.

Answer 1

1) Pathogen
2) Mechanical - trauma or injury
3) chemical - upset Ph etc.
4) Physical - eg. extreme conditions
5) cell necrosis
6) hypersensitivity

Question 2

What localises the acute inflammation process?

Answer 2

Plasma proteins

Question 3

Is the response rapid, or slow?

Answer 3

Rapid

Question 4

What helps protect the site?

Answer 4

Cardinal signs and loss of function.

Question 5

How are neutrophils and macrophages involved in acute inflammation?

Answer 5

Neutrophils destroy pathogens and denature antigens. Macrophages clear debris, and display the antigens.

Question 6

What are local effects of acute inflammation?

Answer 6

Redness, pain, swelling, heat, loss of function

Question 7

What is another word for swelling

Answer 7

tumor

Question 8

What does rubor mean?

Answer 8

redness

Question 9

What does calor mean?

Answer 9

heat

Question 10

What does dolar mean?

Answer 10

pain

Question 11

What is exudate?

Answer 11

Fluid rich in proteins, plasma, immunoglobins, fibrinogen, neutrophils.

Question 12

Due to acute inflammation, the vessel’s radius flow changes. This causes the permeability of the vessel wall to change. What then leaks out of the vessel to the extravascular space?

Answer 12

Exudate - causes oedema

Neutrophils too!

Question 13

During acute inflammation, the first of a sequence is the arteriole constricts quickly. (transient arteriolar constriction). What happens after this?

Answer 13

2) Local arteriolar dilation. (arterioles widen)
3) Smooth muscle relaxes

This increases local tissue blood flow.

Question 14

If there is less fluid in the vessel, this means that there is an increased viscosity (thickness) within the vessel…what does this lead too.

Answer 14

Increased viscosity
Changes in flow
Causes neutrophils to go to the outside edge of the vessel - margination
They then leave the vessel emigration.

Question 15

Where does the process of acute inflammation occur?

Answer 15

In the microcirculation.

Question 16

What is the microcirculation?

Answer 16

The capillaries - between the venules and the arterioles. Also the extracellular space around these, and the lympathic channels.

Question 17

what is normal laminar flow like?

Answer 17

WBCs surrounded by RBCs.

Question 18

What is pavementing?

Answer 18

Neutrophils adhering to the endothelium .

Question 19

what are the immediate systematic effects of acute inflammation?

Answer 19

Pyrexia - raised temperature
Malaise, nausea, (abdominal pain and vomiting in children)
Neutrophilia - raised WBC count

Question 20

What can be some long term effects of acute inflammation?

Answer 20

regional lymph node enlargement
weight loss
Anaemia

Question 21

what can be some complications of acute inflammation?

Answer 21

chronic inflammation
Granulation tissue
Scar formations

Question 22

Where may mediators of acute inflammation be found?

Answer 22

released from cells
in plasma
on endothelial cell surfaces

Question 23

name a cell surface mediator and say what it does.

Answer 23

ICAM 1 - helps neutrophils stick

Question 24

Histamine is a mediator released from the cell. What does it do?

Answer 24

vasodilation, increased permeability

Question 25

Serotonin is a mediator released from a cell. What does it do?

Answer 25

vasoconstriction

Question 26

What do prostaglandins do?

Answer 26

Promote histamines effects, inhibit inflammation

Question 27

What do leukotrienes do?

Answer 27

they are vasoactive - they increase vessel permeability and dilate smooth muscles

Question 28

what does omega - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids do?

Answer 28

decrease prostaglandins

Question 29

what is PAF and what does it do?

Answer 29

platelet activating factor. reduces permeability, enhances platelets

Question 30

What do cytokines and chemokines do?

Answer 30

attract inflammatory cells

Question 31

give some examples of oxygen free radicals and say what they do

Answer 31

H2 O2 OH - | Amplify other mediators effects

Question 32

What does nitric oxide do?

Answer 32

Regulates smooth muscle, anti-platelet

Question 33

In plasma, what do blood coagulation pathways do?

Answer 33

clot fibrinogen in exudate

Question 34

in plasma, what does fibrinolysis do?

Answer 34

breaks down fibrin to produce vasoactive products. Helps maintain the blood supply.

Question 35

in plasma, what does bradykinin do?

Answer 35

pain

Question 36

in plasma, what does complement activation do?

Answer 36

ties the inflammatory response with the immune response. stimulates phagocytosis and chemotaxis etc.

Question 37

How can acute inflammation alter the detriment of the patient

Answer 37

could spread to blood stream - sepsis bacteraemia septicaemia toxaemia could cause toxic shock syndrome.

Question 38

What would inflammation of the meninges be called? (think - any structure = itis)

Answer 38

meningitis

Question 39

what is infection of the lungs called?

Answer 39

pneumonia

Question 40

what is infection of the plural cavity called?

Answer 40

pleurisy

Question 41

describe the pathway of a neutrophil.

Answer 41

neutrophil - mobile phagocyte neutrophil -> chemotaxis -> adhere -> release granules -> kills cell -> neutrophil dies -> produces pus

Question 42

what is an abscess?

Answer 42

a collection of pus (suppuration) under pressure from internal

Question 43

what is a multilocated abscess?

Answer 43

when the pus bursts through the abscess inside and forms new cavities