acute inflammation

Question 1

what is acute inflammation?

Answer 1

response of living tissue to infection/ damage

Question 2

what are the three main processes involved in acute inflammation?

Answer 2

Vascular dilation
Increased vascular permeability
Neutrophil activation and migration

Question 3

how long does acute inflammation last?

Answer 3

develops quickly and lasts only a few hours to days

Question 4

what are the four main causes of acute inflammation?

Answer 4

• microbial infection
• physical agents
• irritant and corrosive chemicals
• tissue necrosis (tissue death)

Question 5

what are examples of physical agents which can cause acute inflammation?

Answer 5

Physical trauma
Ultraviolet or other ionizing radiation
Heat (burns)
Cold (frostbite)

Question 6

what are examples of physical agents which can cause acute inflammation?

Answer 6

Physical trauma
Ultraviolet or other ionizing radiation
Heat (burns)
Cold (frostbite)

Question 7

what are examples of irritants and corrosive chemicals which can cause acute inflammation?

Answer 7

• acid, alkali and oxidising agents
• microbial virulence factors

Question 8

what is tissue necrosis?

Answer 8

death of tissue due to:
- lack of O2 or nutrients
- inadequate blood flow (infarction)

Question 9

what are the consequences of acute inflammation?

Answer 9

• redness
• heat
• swelling
• pain
• loss of function

Question 10

why does redness arise in acute inflammation?

Answer 10

dilation of small blood vessels

Question 11

why does heat arise in acute inflammation?

Answer 11

increased blood flow (hyperaemia)

Question 12

why does swelling arise in acute inflammation?

Answer 12

accumulation of fluid in extra vascular space (oedema)

Question 13

why does pain arise in acute inflammation?

Answer 13

Stretching/distortion of tissues due to oedema.
Chemical mediators induce pain

Question 14

what is the best example of acute inflammation?

Answer 14

gingivitis

Question 15

describe the initiation, progression, amplification and resolution of gingivitis

Question 16

what is amplification?

Answer 16

recruitment and activation of innate immune cels via chemokine/cytokine activity and vascular dilation

Question 17

what are chemokines and cytokines produced by?

Answer 17

macrophages and epithelial cells

Question 18

describe vascular response

Answer 18

Small blood vessels adjacent to site of damage become dilated
Endothelial cells swell and retract
Exudation – the vessels become ‘leaky’ and allow passage of water, salts and some proteins
Endothelial cells activated to promote immune cells passage to damaged tissues

Question 19

what is oedema?

Answer 19

an excess of watery fluid collecting in the cavities or tissues of the body (swelling)

Question 20

what does inflammatory exudate provide to the tissue?

Answer 20

Fluids and salts
Glucose and oxygen
Complement proteins and antibodies
Fibrin (long insoluble filamentous protein)

Question 21

what are the two sub groups within mediators?

Answer 21

chemical and protein

Question 22

give examples of chemical mediators

Answer 22

histamine
bradykinin
prostaglandins

Question 23

where is histamine stored?

Answer 23

granules of immune cells such as mast cells

Question 24

what process released hsitamine?

Answer 24

degranulation

Question 25

what are the functions of histamine?

Answer 25

Role as a neurotransmitter – itching Causes vascular dilation

Question 26

what is prostaglandin produces by?

Answer 26

macrophages and neutrophils

Question 27

what is the most abundant type of prostaglandins?

Answer 27

prostaglandins E2

Question 28

what are the functions of prostaglandins?

Answer 28

- vascular dilation - Regulate cytokine production - Regulate cell recruitment - Act on nerve fibres – pain - Involved in tissue remodeling

Question 29

when are prostaglandins released?

Answer 29

in response to numerous stimuli

Question 30

what regulates prostaglandins?

Answer 30

the enzyme cyclo-oxygenase II

Question 31

what are the four enzymatic cascades involved in plasma factors?

Answer 31

Complement The kinin system Coagulation Fibrinolytic system

Question 32

what can activate all the enzymatic cascades in plasma factors?

Answer 32

coagulation factor XII

Question 33

what is kallikrein generated by in the kinin system?

Answer 33

hageman factor (coagulation factor XII)

Question 34

what is the function of kallikrein?

Answer 34

converts kininogens to kinins

Question 35

what are the three pathways of the coagulation system?

Answer 35

- intrinsic - extrinsic - common throbin

Question 36

when is the intrinsic coagulation pathway activated?

Answer 36

when blood comes into contact with sub-endothelial connective tissues (outside blood vessel)

Question 37

what do all three of the coagulation system pathways lead to?

Answer 37

production of fibrin (blood clot)

Question 38

what does the fibrinolytic system result in?

Answer 38

the activation of plasmin (prevents excess clotting in health)

Question 39

what is haemostasis?

Answer 39

the balance between the coagulation and fibrinolytic system

Question 40

what does haemostasis mean?

Answer 40

to stop the flow of blood

Question 41

what are examples of congenital coagulation disorders?

Answer 41

Von Willebrand disease (VWD) Haemophilia A Haemophilia B

Question 42

what are examples of acquired coagulation disorders?

Answer 42

Warfarin Heparin

Question 43

what is an outcome of acute inflammation which can lead to chronic inflammation?

Answer 43

abscess formation (suppuration)

Question 44

what are the three types of dental abscess?

Answer 44

Gingival abscess Periodontal abscess Periapical abscess

Question 45

what is pus?

Answer 45

bacteria with dead and dying neutrophils

Question 46

how is acute inflammation resolved?

Answer 46

Minimal cell death and tissue damage Occurrence in tissues with regenerative capacity Rapid elimination of causative agent Rapid removal of fluid and debris by vascular/lymphatic drainage

Question 47

how is acute inflammation resolved?

Answer 47

Minimal cell death and tissue damage Occurrence in tissues with regenerative capacity Rapid elimination of causative agent Rapid removal of fluid and debris by vascular/lymphatic drainage