acute inflammation

Question 1

—– is a reaction of a vasuclarized living tissue to a local injury, protective response intended to eliminate the initial —- and the —- cells , it may be —-

Answer 1

-inflammation
- cause of the cell injury
- necrotic cells
- harmful

Question 2

inflammation is intimately associated w the — process

Answer 2

repair process

Question 3

the objectives of inflimination:
1- —— and —– the causative agent
2- —– tissue injury
3- begin the process of —-

Answer 3

• localise and eliminate
• limits
• healing

Question 4

the causes of inflammation include:

Answer 4

• infectious agents
• physical agents
• chemical agents
• immune reaction
• necrotic tissue

Question 5

1.acute inflammation lasts —–
2. —— and —— response to injury
3- characterised by —- and —-
4- uses —– cells

Answer 5

• minutes to days
• immediate and early
• fluids and proteins
• neutrophils aka polymorphonuclear cells

Question 6

1. chronic inflammation lasts —– and the cells involved are —–

Answer 6

• weeks to years
• mononuclear cells as: macrophages , lymphocytes , and plasma cells

Question 7

1-the aim of acute inflammation is to get the —- to the site of —- as fast as possible to eliminate — or clear —–
2- the components of acute inflammation:

Answer 7

• neutrophils
• injury
• pathogens
• clear necrotic debris
• components include:
  1- vasodilatation
  2- endothelial permeability aka leaking fluids
  3- extravasation of neutrophils

Question 8

the five classical local signs of acute inflammation and were known by the romans are:

Answer 8

• heat aka calor
• loss of function aka fcuntion laesa
• swelling aka tumor
• pain aka dolor
• redness aka rubor

Question 9

heat and redness are caused by ——
swelling is caused by ——
pain is caused by —–
loss of function is caused by —-

Answer 9

• vasodilatation
• vascular permeability
• mediator release
• pain/odema

Question 10

the 2 major events of acute inflammation are:

Answer 10

1- vascular response: (micro-vessels )
- vasodilation
- increased in vascular permeability
2- cellular réponse
- extraversion of neutrophils

Question 11

the vascular responses includes
1- —- which is transient and last few seconds
2-
3- increased —– which leads to exudation of protein rich fluid
4- loss of — which leads to concentration of red cells and increased — which leads to blood stasis

Answer 11

• vasoconstriction
• vasodilation
• vascular permeability
• fluid
• visocity

Question 12

increased vascular permeability is due to:
1- increase in —– pressure
2- decrease in intravascular —- pressure
3- changes in —– cells which includes:
- retraction of endothelial cells
- endothelial injury

Answer 12

• hydrostatic
• osmotic
• endothelial

Question 13

vasodilation increases the —- and this leads to an increase in —- pressure

Answer 13

• blood flow
• hydrostatic

Question 14

true or false:
transudate is an ultra filtrate blood plasma and contains a lot of proteins

Answer 14

false , little proteins

Question 15

vascular permeability —- osmotic pressure as the intravascular pressure of interstitial fluid —-
the exudate are — in proteins with neutrophils and is a characteristic fluid of acute inflammation

Answer 15

• decreases
• increases
• rich

Question 16

—– is an extravasular fluid with low protein conencetration , the specific gravity is — 1.012 and its from —- imbalance

Answer 16

• transudate
• lower than
• hydrostatic

Question 17

—- an extravascular fluid with high protein concentration and the specific gravity is —– 1.020 and its from alteration in —–

Answer 17

• exudate
• higher than
• vascular permeability

Question 18

the steps of the cellular response include:

Answer 18

1- margination
2- rolling
3- pavementing
4- transmigration
5- migration into interstitial tissue

Question 19

— is the first step of cellular response by which the leuocytes moving from the centre of the vessel towards the periphery of blood vessel.
- normal flow of rbc and wbc in the centre of the vessel
- a —- plasma is moving adjacent to endothelium
- as blood flow – the wbc collect along the endothelium aka magrination

Answer 19

-magrination
- cell poor
- slow

Question 20

-endothelial activation :
the underlying stimulus causes the release of — which activate the endothelium causing — and —- to be moved quickly to the surface
-selected + lectins ( sugar ) —>
- which are found in :

Answer 20

• mediators
• selectins and other mediators
• selectins
• found in: endothelial cells as E-selectins , leucocyte as L-selectins and platlets as P-selectins

Question 21

—- is the 2nd step of the cellular process by which the neutrophils bounce/roll along the endothelial cells and transiently adhere to the endothelial cells , this is mediated by —-

Answer 21

• rolling
• selection as they bind to their receptors

Question 22

leucocytes firmly adhere to endothelial cells in —– which is mediated by:

Answer 22

• pavemteing aka adhesion
• interns , ICAM-1, VCAM-1

Question 23

—- refers to the cell crawling aka diapedesis and is mediated by PECAM-1

Answer 23

• transmigration

Question 24

—- is the movement towards the site of injury aka migration and recognition of —– and —–
—– recongnise components of diff types of microbes responsible for the unregulation of nf-kb

Answer 24

• chemotaxis
• microbes
• dead tissue
• tall like receptors TLRs

Question 25

in cellular response : 1- activation of ----- 2- ----- which is the coating of the bacterium or the particle to facilitate phagocytosis includes: 3- ---- to eat/ingest and destroy 4- release of ----- which leads to

Answer 25

- leucocytes - opsonisation - immunoglobin and C3b complement - phagocytosis - leococytes - tissue injury which is why inflammation can be harmful

Question 26

---- are the main effector cells in acute inflammation

Answer 26

neurophil which is responsible in: - phagocytosis of micro-organism n tissue debris - mediate cell injury - inflammatory mediators - reactive oxygen metabolites - lysosomal granule contents

Question 27

the chemical mediators can be derived from :

Answer 27

1- plasma : - circulating precursor - have to be activated 2- cell derived - sequestered intracellularly - sythesised de novo

Question 28

most mediators bind to --- on the cells surface but have direct ---- or --- activity and they are tightly ----

Answer 28

- receptors - toxic activity or direct enzymatic - regulated

Question 29

- vasoactive amines - plasma proteases - phospholipid derived products - cytokines - nitric oxide - lysosomal enzymes - oxygen derived free radicals are all examples of -----

Answer 29

chemical mediators of inflammation

Question 30

----- responsible for vascular dilation and leakage and includes:

Answer 30

- vasoactive amines - histamine and serotonin

Question 31

1----- are found in mast cells, basophils , and platelets . 2- are released in response to ---- 3- promotes arterial ---- and venular endothelial ---- which results in the --- of the inter endothelial cell junctions w the ---- vascular permeability

Answer 31

- histamines - stimuli - dilation - contraction - widening - increase

Question 32

----- is a vasoactive amine similar to histamine but are found in platelets and released when platetes aggregate

Answer 32

serotonin

Question 33

plasma protease consist of:

Answer 33

- complement system - kinin system - clotting system

Question 34

The complemtrary system consists of 2 pathways 1- --- pathway which requires antibodies to activate as Ag-Ab complex C1 binds to IgG or IgM that's bound to an antigen 2- ---- pathway which doesnt require antibodies and has a microbial surface - the complement system has a role in ---- and membrane ---- complex which bunches --- in the membrane -the complement system has also a role in ----- includes C3a and C5a which leads to : - vascular effect aka : - cellular effect aka:

Answer 34

- classical - alternative - immunity ( c5-9 complex ) - attack ( MAC C5-9) - holes - inflammation -increase vasodilatation and vascular permeability - leocycte activation , adhesion , chemotaxis C5a , phagocytosis c3b

Question 35

kinin cascade leads to the formation of: this causes : and its --- lived due to kininases

Answer 35

- bradykinin - increased vascular permeability , arteriolar dilation , smooth muscle contraction , and pain - short lived

Question 36

the key for the activation of the clotting system is factor --- aka --- and the end result is ---

Answer 36

- factor XII ( hangman factor ) - fibrin which acts as a glue

Question 37

arachidonic acid metabolites and platelet activating factor are ---- derived products

Answer 37

phospholipids

Question 38

arachidonic acid is a component of the ---- - the metabolism of it occurs in 2 major pathways which are:

Answer 38

- cell membrane phosphodiser 1- lipoxygenase ---> lecotriene 2- cyclooxyrgenase --> prostagladin and prostacyclin ( check slide 46 important )

Question 39

-arachadonic acid participates in ----- inflammation as its effective ----- agents act on AA pathways as:

Answer 39

- acute - anti inflammatory 1- aspirin and nsaids , coox inhibitors 20 steroid act , in part , by inhibiting phospholipase A2

Question 40

the ----- induces aggregation of planets as it causes ----- and ---- it also enhances --------

Answer 40

- platelets activating factor PAF - vasoconstriction and bronchosctriciton -enhances leucocyte adhesion , chemotaxis , and degranulation

Question 41

------ are soluble mediator and short lived , produced by many cells , are multifunctional and has systemic effect ( bc they can circulate )

Answer 41

cytokines

Question 42

the nitric oxide is toxic to ---- and causes damage in --- and it also causes -----

Answer 42

- bacteria - tissue - vasodilation

Question 43

----- causes eradication of bacteria and tissue damage

Answer 43

lysosomal enzymes

Question 44

------ causes elimination of bacteria and tissue damage which includes:

Answer 44

- oxygen derived free radicals -direct injury to endothelial cells - injury to extracellular matrix - injury to other cell types as tumor cells

Question 45

- dilution of toxins - arrival of antibodies to the site of inflammation - drug transport - delivery of nutrients and o2 - removal of tissue debris - firbongen ---> fribin aka delays bacterial spread -destrcution of microbial agents - stimulation of immune response responses are all ----- effects of inflammation

Answer 45

beneficial

Question 46

-mehcnaical effect as epiglottis - impaired flow as acute meningitis - impaired function - tissue destrcution are all -----

Answer 46

harmful effects go inflammation

Question 47

the outcomes of acute inflammation are:

Answer 47

- resolution - abscess formation - abscess is walled of collection of pus - progression to chronic inflammation - healing and repair ( check slide 50 etc for summary plsss)