acute inflammation 2

Question 1

what is the suffix for inflammation?

Answer 1

‘itis’

Question 2

what is inflammation of the lungs and pleura called?

Answer 2

lungs- pneumonia
pleura- pleurisy

Question 3

what is the role of a neutrophil?

Answer 3

mobile phagocytes

Question 4

what is chemotaxis

Answer 4

when neutrophils move towards foreign antigen

Question 5

what helps neutrophils digest foreign organisms/particles?

Answer 5

granules help as they contain digestive enzymes

Question 6

what happens to neutrophils after digesting foreign organism
( nuetrophil consequence action)

Answer 6

neutrophil dies and produces pus

(the pus may extend to other tissue worsening the condition)

Question 7

name the 2 plasma proteins mainly involved in acute inflammation

Answer 7

fibrinogen and immunoglobulins

Question 8

what does fibrinogen do in acute inflammation?

Answer 8

coagulates to form fibrin
fibrin clots the exudate which localizes the inflammatory process (less easy to spread to other areas)

Question 9

what does the word lysis mean

Answer 9

means ‘killing’ of cells

Question 10

role of immunoglobulins in acute inflammation

Answer 10

helps antibodies recognise pathogens to be phagocytosed

also help in the complement system (system that helps ur body heal etc)

Question 11

state 2 locations of acute inflammatory mediators

Answer 11

• molecules on endothelial cell surface
  -molecules in blood plasma

Question 12

what 5 things do inflammatory mediators cause ?

Answer 12

-vasodilation (change in vessel radius flow)
-increased permeability
-itch/pain
-chemotaxis
-neutrophil adhesion

Question 13

what molecule helps with neutrophil adhesion (pavementing stage)

Answer 13

ICAM-1

Question 14

What inflammatory mediator is released from Mast Cells?

Answer 14

Histamine

Question 15

what antibody triggers the release of histamine ?

Answer 15

IgE cells

Question 16

what does histamine act on and play a role in?

Answer 16

histamine acts on H1 receptors on endothelial cells and causes vasodilation & increased vessel wall permability

Question 17

Where is the inflammatory mediator 5-hydroxytryptamine made/found?

Answer 17

platelets

Question 18

What is 5-hydroxytryptamine called?

Answer 18

serotonin

Question 19

what does serotonin cause ?

Answer 19

causes vasoconstriction

Question 20

When is serotonin released? (5-hydroxytryptamine)

Answer 20

when platelets coagulate to repair a damaged vessel

Question 20

what is malaise?

Answer 20

felling unwell

Question 21

what does pyrexia cause

Answer 21

raised temperature

Question 22

What symptoms do children with inflammation show specially? state 2

Answer 22

abdominal pain
vomiting

Question 23

Define Neutrophilia and what does the bone marrow produce more of?

Answer 23

high number of neutrophils in the blood

bone marrow produces more white cells

Question 24

what is it called when pus ends up in the bloodstream?

Answer 24

pyaemia

Question 25

what is empyema ?

Answer 25

pus in hollow viscus

Question 26

Define bacteraemia

Answer 26

bacteria in the blood

Question 27

Define Septicaemia

Answer 27

bacteria growing in the blood

Question 28

how to calculate CO

Answer 28

Cardiac output HR X SV (heart rate x stroke volume)

Question 29

What is SVR and how is it calculated ?

Answer 29

systemic vascular resistance SVR= BP/CO

Question 30

What happens to Stroke volume during shock?

Answer 30

stroke volume decreases during shock

Question 31

What are the 4 enzyme cascades that interact and make up plasma inflammatory mediators?

Answer 31

The blood coagulation pathway Fibrinolysis Kinin system Complement Cascade

Question 31

what are cytokines and chemokines & what produces them?

Answer 31

chemical mediators produced by endothelium, macrophages & lymphocytes

Question 32

role of fibrinolysis ?

Answer 32

breakdown the fibrin clots which helps with blood supply

Question 33

what is the product of fibrin breakdown?

Answer 33

products are vasoactive (affect vessel diameter)

Question 34

What are the symptoms of early septic shock?

Answer 34

Peripheral Vasodilation Tachycardia Hypotension (Low BP) Pyrexia (raised temp) Sometimes haemorrhagic skin rash

Question 35

How is pyrexia caused during septic shock?

Answer 35

Bacterial endotoxin released -> Interleukin-1 acts on hypothalamus -> raised temperature (pyrexia)

Question 36

How is haemorrhagic skin rash caused during septic shock?

Answer 36

Shock causes coagulation -> fibrin breakdown releases vasoactive chemicals that cause vasodilation -> Results in haemorrhagic rash

Question 37

Whats the effect of falling blood pressure?

Answer 37

Reduced tissue perfusion -> Tissue Hypoxia -> Loss of tissue & organ function

Question 38

What is the outcome of septic shock?

Answer 38

Tissue hypoxia -> cell death Resulting in haemorrhage & death.

Question 39

what does the molecule ICAM-1 help with?

Answer 39

neutrophil adhension (pavementing)