Acute Inflammation

Question 1

Sequence of events in acute inflammation

Answer 1

1. Transient vasoconstriction
2. Vasodilation
3. Increased blood flow
4. Increased vascular permeability
5. Slow flow
6. Leukocyte trafficking

Question 2

Sequence of leukocyte trafficking

Answer 2

1. Capture
2. Rolling*
3. Slow rolling*
4. Arrest*
5. Adhesion
6. Crawling
7. Transcellular migration
8. Paracellular migration

*2-4 = Activation

Selectins are involved in steps 1 and 2

Integrins enter at step 3

Chemokine enter at step 4

Question 3

In which organs are continuous capillaries found?

Answer 3

Brain
Heart
Lungs
Skin and Skeletal muscle

Question 4

How does water cross a continuous capillary?

Answer 4

1. Intercellular junctions

2. Aquaporins

Question 5

How do nutrients cross a continuous capillary?

Answer 5

Transporter molecules (specific)

Question 6

How do large molecules cross a continuous capillary?

Answer 6

Caveolae

- Become vesicle-vacuolar organelles in disease

Question 7

Where are fenestrated capillaries found?

Answer 7

Kidney
Synovium
Endocrine organs
Intestinal villi

Question 8

Where are discontinuous capillaries found?

Answer 8

Liver
Spleen
Bone Marrow

Question 9

In addition to blood vessels and serum protein, what is also required for Starling’s equilibrium?

Answer 9

Lymphatic vessels

Question 10

Which agents cause endothelial contraction (i.e. gaps) in venules?

Answer 10

1. Histamine
2. Serotonin
3. PG
4. PAF

Question 11

Which agents create gaps by rearranging cytoskeleton in capillaries and venules?

Answer 11

1. TNF-a

2. IL-1

Question 12

Which agents cause vascular leakage in capillaries and venules via leukocytes?

Answer 12

1. Chemokines
2. C5a
3. LTB4

Question 13

What causes caveolae to become vesiclo-vacuolar organelles in venules?

Answer 13

VEGF

Question 14

Mast cells express receptors for

Answer 14

1. IgE
2. IgG
3. C5a

Question 15

Mast cell granules contain

Answer 15

1. Histamine
2. Heparin
3. Proteases

Question 16

Aside from IgE, IgG, and C5a, what else triggers degranulation of mast cells?

Answer 16

Temperature extremes

Question 17

Which cell type is most important for anaphylactic reactions?

Answer 17

Mast cells

[Neutrophils and basophils also participate in anaphylaxis]

Question 18

Contents of PRIMARY granules of neutrophils

Answer 18

1. Myeloperoxidase
   
   • kill bacteria via HOCl
2. Lysozyme
   
   • hydrolyze bacterial cell walls
3. Proteases
4. Acid hydrolases
   
   • Degrade proteins

Question 19

What triggers release of marginated neutrophils into circulation?

Answer 19

1. Corticosteroids

2. Epinephrine

Question 20

Name 2 oxygen DEpendent bacterial killing mechanisms of phagocytes

Answer 20

1. Oxygen radical system (NADPH oxidase)

2. Myeloperoxidase-halide system

Question 21

Name 3 oxygen Independent bacterial-killing mechanisms of phagocytes

Answer 21

1. Lysozyme - hydrolyzes cell wall
2. Cathepsin G, defensing - proteolytic digestion
3. Lactoferrin - inhibit respiration by binding iron

Question 22

Eosinophils have receptors for

Answer 22

1. C3b [Remember b/c “3b” rhymes w/ E]
2. IgG
3. IgE

Question 23

Basophils have receptors for

Answer 23

IgE

Question 24

“Mast cell of the blood”

Answer 24

Basophil

Question 25

Contents of the DENSE granules of platelets

Answer 25

1. Serotonin Increase vascular permeability 2. ADP

Question 26

Contents of a-granules of platelets

Answer 26

1. Platelet factor 4 - Clotting 2. Antiplasmin

Question 27

Receptors expressed by macrophages and dendritic cells

Answer 27

1. C3b | 2. Pathogen recognition receptors

Question 28

Where do TNFa and IL-1 come from?

Answer 28

macrophages/dendritic cells

Question 29

Unlike histamine, serotonin ____

Answer 29

Produces Pain

Question 30

Effect of nitric oxide

Answer 30

Smooth muscle dilation

Question 31

Where does nitric oxide come from?

Answer 31

1. Endothelial cells (constitutive) | 2. Macrophages (inducible)

Question 32

Main function of C3a

Answer 32

Activate mast cells (vasodilation/increased permeability)

Question 33

Functions of C5a

Answer 33

1. Activate mast cells/vasodilation 2. Leukocyte activation/chemotaxis 3. Leukotriene production

Question 34

What are the sources of Platelet Activating Factor (PAF)?

Answer 34

``` Neutrophils Basophils Monocytes/Macrophages Endothelial cells Platelets ```

Question 35

What are the effects of platelet activating factor (PAF)?

Answer 35

1. Platelet activation/aggregation 2. Vasodilation/increased permeability 3. Leukocyte activation and trafficking 4. Type I hypersensitivity

Question 36

True or false: PAF is 10,000 times more potent than histamine

Answer 36

True

Question 37

Cytokines and chemokine are

Answer 37

small proteins

Question 38

Effects of TNF-a and IL-1

Answer 38

- Type II endothelial activation - Fever/inappetance (brain) - Protein release (liver) - Decreased blood pressure - Increased neutrophils - Increased ACTH/corticosteroid - Positive feedback to Macrophages/DCs

Question 39

Function of IL-8

Answer 39

Neutrophil recruitment

Question 40

Weibel Palade bodies

Answer 40

Storage for IL-8 in endothelial cells

Question 41

Selectins mediate

Answer 41

Capture and Rolling

Question 42

Selectins consist of

Answer 42

glycoproteins

Question 43

PSGL1

Answer 43

Common ligand of selectins

Question 44

P selectin

Answer 44

- Stored in endothelial cell (Weibel-Palade)

Question 45

E selectin

Answer 45

Made on-demand by endothelial cells (6 hours)

Question 46

L selectin

Answer 46

Constitutively expressed on leukocytes

Question 47

Integrins enter neutrophil step at

Answer 47

Slow rolling

Question 48

ICAM-1/2

Answer 48

Integrin ligands

Question 49

What causes Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency?

Answer 49

B2 integrin mutation

Question 50

True or false: Leukocytes respond to multiple chemokines

Answer 50

True

Question 51

Paracellular migration

Answer 51

- Majority of leukocyte trafficking | - Leukocytes must digest basement membrane

Question 52

Transcellular migration

Answer 52

- Only 20% of migration - Common in CNS - Caveolae may participate

Question 53

Secondary granules of neutrophils

Answer 53

1. Lysozyme (also in primary granules) 2. Transferrin 3. Collagenase