Acute Inflammation & Cardinal Manifestations Flashcards
(30 cards)
What are the 3 lines of defense?
1st-mucous membranes and skin
2nd: inflammation
3rd- immune response
What is the difference between the three lines of defense?
First line of defense–using tears, saliva, stomach acid, etc. Normal processes without triggering a response to something!
Second line of defense–inflammatory response–does not have to be an infection but could also be an injury that is causing inflammation.
Third line of defense–immune response; specific and triggered by something.
What is etiology?
Etiology is any damage or alteration to normal tissue that the body does not want. Does not have to be infectious!!!! Ex. trauma/surgery, radiation, extreme heat or cold.
What are the two major components of acute inflammation?
Vascular and cellular response
What happens with vascular response?
Vascular response–blood flow increases to injury site and increase of blood vessel permeability at the site (to have cells get out of the cell and to where they need to go.
What happens with cellular response?
Cellular response–removing the bad thing which relies on inflammatory mediators.
What are the two major anatomic changes to vessels in the vascular response and why do they occur?
Increased dilation and increased permeability–allows things to move into the blood and get to where they need to go easier.
What are the three different types of capillaries and where are they found?
Continuous capillaries–most common type
Fenestrated capillaries–endocrine organs, intestinal walls, choroid plexus (brain)
Sinusoids (discontinuous capillaries)–bone marrow, liver, spleen
THESE ARE IN ORDER FOR LEAST TO MOST POROUS/PERMEABLE
What are the three major patterns of vascular responses?
Immediate transient–minor injury (slap on the face, papercut, etc)
Immediate sustained–major injury (lacerations, ankle sprain, etc)
Delayed hemodynamic–4-24 hours after injury (sunburn, frostbite, etc).
What is an example of something that requires an immediate transient response?
Minor injury–slap on the face, papercut, etc
What is an example of something that requires an immediate sustained response?
major injury (lacerations, ankle sprain, etc)
What is an example of something that requires a delayed hemodynamic response?
Delayed hemodynamic–4-24 hours after injury (sunburn, frostbite, etc).
What are the 4 steps to cellular response?
Marginalization/adhesion
Migration
Chemotaxis
phagocytosis
What happens during migration/adhesion?
Cytokines are released which leads to more selectins. And leukocytes slow down and stick to vessel walls
What happens during migration?
Leukocytes extend pseudopods and pass through cell wall ameboid movement
What happens during chemotaxis?
Leukocytes travel through tissues to injury site
What happens during phagocytosis?
3 steps: recognition and adherence; engulfment; intracellular killing
What is leukocytosis?
An increase in the number of WBCs–typically caused by inflammation or infection.
What are the 5 types of white blood cells?
Neutrophils, eusophils, basophils, mast cells, and monocytes.
What are neutrophils?
The 1st responders; they arrive about 90 minutes after injury and live for about 10 hours. Can also be seen as Bands or left shift which is an immature neutrophil–when the body needs extra help to fight , they get released early before completion.
What is the difference between neutrophilia and neutropenia?
Neutropenia is a decrease in neutrophils due to viral infection and neutrophilia is an increase in neutrophils due to bacterial infection
What are eosinophils?
They are increased with allergic reactions and parasitic infections. They look red under the microscope.
What is eosinophilia?
An increase in eosinophils due to parasitic infection OR allergic rx.
What is eosinophilia?
An increase in eosinophils due to parasitic infection OR allergic rx.
What are basophils?
Released due to inflammation and allergic rxns. They release histamine and bonds with IGE.
