Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pharmacy 302 > Acute Kidney Injury > Flashcards

Acute Kidney Injury Flashcards

(51 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What do kidneys act like? Why is blood cleaned by the kidneys before returning to the heart?

A

Sieves filtering waste and excess fluid
To remove waste and excess fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does blood enter the kidneys? How does clean blood return to the body from the kidneys?

A

Via renal arteries
Through the renal veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the mini-filtering systems inside the kidneys called?

A

Nephrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What happens to substances the body needs after the blood is sieved by nephrons?

A

They are reabsorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What form do waste products and extra fluid take when removed from the body?

A

Urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What stores urine until it is full? What carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder? How does urine pass out of the body?

A

The bladder
Ureters
Via the urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Approximately how many litres of blood do the kidneys process each day? Approximately how many miles of ‘tubes’ are within the kidneys?

A

190L
145 miles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What hormone do the kidneys produce that prompts bone marrow to make red blood cells?

A

Erythropoietin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Besides filtering blood, what else do kidneys produce?

A

Hormones and chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do red blood cells carry that the body needs to function? What condition can develop without healthy red blood cells?

A

Oxygen
Anaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is one potential effect of diseased kidneys on blood pressure?

A

BP increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What can high blood pressure, caused by kidney disease, increase the risk of?

A

Stroke, heart disease and kidney damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What vitamin do the kidneys produce?

A

Vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What balance do kidneys maintain in the blood and bones?

A

Calcium and phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What was Acute Kidney Injury formally known as?

A

Acute renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the estimated cost to the NHS of acute kidney injury per year?

A

£434 million to £620 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does AKI increase the risk of, according to long-term follow-up studies?

A

Chronic kidney disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What can chronic kidney disease lead to?

A

End-stage renal disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is AKI defined as?

A

Sudden kidney failure or damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What imbalance does the build up of waste products in the blood during AKI cause?

A

Homeostatic imbalance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does AKI cause to build up in the blood?

Study These Flashcards
A

Waste products

22
Q

What are the three classifications of AKI?

Study These Flashcards
A

Pre-renal
Post-renal
Intrinsic

23
Q

What characterises pre-renal AKI? What can cause pre-renal AKI? What characterises post-renal AKI? What can cause post-renal AKI?

Study These Flashcards
A

Reduced blood flow to kidneys
Bleeding, sepsis, cardiac failure, dehydration
Obstruction of urine flow
BPH, cancer, renal calculi, blood clots

24
Q

What causes intrinsic AKI?

Study These Flashcards
A

Damage to the kidney tissues

25
What is Acute Interstitial Nephritis? What are the symptoms of Acute Interstitial Nephritis?
Hypersensitivity reaction often drug-induced Proteinuria, haematuria, eosinophilia, pyrexia, rash, arthralgia
26
According to KDIGO definitions, what rise in serum creatinine within 48 hours indicates AKI?
26 micromole/litre or greater
27
What percentage rise in serum creatinine, within 7 days, indicates AKI?
50% or greater
28
What fall in urine output for more than 6 hours in adults indicates AKI? What fall in eGFR in children and young people within the past 7 days indicates AKI?
Less than 0.5 ml/kg/hour 25% or greater
29
What are the signs and symptoms of AKI? What are some neurological symptoms of AKI in severe cases?

Too little urine, swelling, fatigue, shortness of breath Seizures or coma
30
Besides physical symptoms, how else can AKI be detected?
Through routine testing
31
What underlying condition involving the kidneys is a risk factor for AKI? What cardiac condition is a risk factor for AKI? What chronic disease is a risk factor for AKI?
CKD Congestive cardiac failure Diabetes
32
What age group is at higher risk for AKI? What vascular condition is a risk factor for AKI?
Older age Hypertension
33
What class of drugs is a risk factor for AKI? What systemic infection is a risk factor for AKI?
ACEi Sepsis
34
What is involved in the management of Acute Kidney Injury?
Fluid management Prescription review Investigate for acute kidney injury
35
What is the importance of strict fluid balance in AKI management? When administering fluid boluses, what must be done regularly?
Avoid fluid overload Fluid status review
36
In fluid management, what is the general target for Input compared to Output?
Input = Output + 30
37
If a patient has evidence of fluid overload, what should be considered?
Restrict fluid intake and consider loop diuretic
38
When reviewing prescriptions for AKI, what action should be taken?
Adjust doses if needed
39
When should loop diuretics be routinely offered in AKI?
When treating fluid overload
40
What should be measured to investigate for acute kidney injury?
Serum creatinine
41
What stage of AKI is Patient X in with a creatinine level of 246 µmol/L? What stage of AKI is Patient Y in with a creatinine level of 196 µmol/L? What stage of AKI is Patient Z in with a creatinine level of 259 µmol/L?
Stage 2 Stage 1 Stage 2
42
What is AKI regarding mortality? What can AKI lead to if not treated quickly?
Independent risk factor Uraemic complications
43
What causes pulmonary oedema in AKI? What are the metabolic complications of AKI?
Impaired salt and water excretion Hyperkalaemia and metabolic acidosis
44
What is the primary focus of AKI management?
Identifying and treating potential causes
45
What is uraemia commonly associated with? When can uraemia occur with acute kidney injury (AKI)?
Chronic kidney disease If loss of renal function is rapid
46
What is known about the specific uremic toxin responsible for all clinical manifestations of uraemia?

No single toxin has been identified
47
What medicines cause kidney injury by acute tubular necrosis?
Aciclovir Cephalosporins Cisplatin Fureosemide Methotrexate NSAIDs Paracetamol Vancomycin
48
What medicines cause kidney injury pre-renally?
Diuretics NSAIDs ACEi Antihypertensives Laxative abuse
49
What medicines cause kidney injury by acute interstitial nephritis?
Allopurinol Amlodipine Carbamazepine Diltiazem Loop diuretics NSAIDs Phenytoin PPIs Thiazide diuretics
50
What medicines cause kidney injury post-renally?
Anticoagulants Beta-blockers Methyldopa
51
What medicines cause kidney injury by rhabdomyolysis (damaged skeletal muscle breakdown)?
Barbiturates BZDs Fibrates Opioids Theophylline Statins

Pharmacy 302 (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions