Acyl chlorides and their reactions

Question 1

Acyl chlorides production methods:

Answer 1

1. C.Acid + PCl₃(l)
2. C.Acid + PCl₅(s)
3. C.Acid + SOCl₂(l)

Question 2

Which is more reactive and why, acyl chlorides or carboxylic acids?

Answer 2

Acyl chlorides are more reactive because the functional group carbon is highly partially positive due to being bonded to 2 very electronegative elements. The partial positivity of the carbon in carboxylic acids is lower than that of the acyl chlorides.

Question 3

Which is more reactive and why, halogenoalkanes or chlorobenzenes?

Answer 3

Chlorobenzenes are less reactive because the electron cloud donation in chlorobenzene gives the C-Cl bond, partial double bond characteristic, making the bond harder to break.

Question 4

6 Acyl chlorides reactions:

Answer 4

1. Acyl chlorides + H₂O —> Carboxylic acids + HCl.
2. Acyl chlorides + NH₃ —> Primary amides + HCl.
3. Acyl chlorides + Primary amines —> Secondary amides + HCl.
4. Acyl chlorides + Secondary amines —> Tertiary amides + HCl.
5. Acyl chlorides + Phenol —> Phenyl carboxylate ester + HCl.
6. Acyl chlorides + Alcohol —> Ester + HCl.

Question 5

Which is easier to hydrolyse and why, Halogenoalkanes, Acyl chlorides or chlorobenzenes?

Answer 5

1ST ACYL CHLORIDES> 2ND HALOGENOALKANES> 3RD CHLOROBENZENES.

Acyl chlorides’ functional group carbon is highly partially positive due to being bonded to 2 very electronegative elements. The lone pairs of the oxygen in water can easily attack the large delta positive charge.

The chlorobenzene has the least easiness of hydrolysis because the C-Cl bond has partial double bond characteristics due to the lone pairs of the chlorine partially overlapping with the π system.